Monday, May 25, 2020

Nutritional Aspects Of Diabetes Mellitus - 2330 Words

Kyunga Lee Professor: Dr. Makuba Lihono Nutrition Aging Mon. May 18th, 2015 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults Nutritional Aspects of Diabetes Mellitus The prevalence of diabetes increases with age. Approximately 21% of older adults aged 60 years in the United States have diabetes. According to CDC, from 1980 through 2011, the rate of diagnosed diabetes increased 167% for people aged 0-44 years, 118% for those aged 45-64 years, 140% (9.1% to 21.8%) for those aged 65-74 years, and 125% (8.9% to 20.0%) for those aged 75 years and older. In general, throughout the time period, the rate of diagnosed diabetes increased among people of all age groups. In 2011, the prevalence of diabetes among people aged 65-74 (21.8%) was more than 13 times that of people younger than 45 years of age (1.6%). According to Gambert and Pinkstaff, with advanced age insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue decline and this can result in hyperinsulimia (2006). Progressive beta cell loss, influence of free fatty acids, and inflammatory adipocytokines result in glucose intolerance and eventually the development of diabetes mellitus type 2. Usually by the time an individual is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 80% of beta cell function is lost (Gambert Pinkstaff, 2006). Elderly people tend to have impaired glucose tolerance, however, only 10% of the difference in total serum glucose response to an oral glucose load is affected. The glucose intolerance of aging is manifested primarily byShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gestational Diabetes1016 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its occurrence continues to increase (8). The 2004 analysis by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that cases of GDM are at 9.2%. The American Diabetes Association defines GDM as a condition where glucose levels are higher than normal either at the start or during pregnancy (1). The definition is used whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and even if theRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus And Contemporary Naturopathic Medicine1493 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus and Contemporary Naturopathic Medicine The world is plagued with an overwhelming amount of chronic health conditions. Many people accept this as a part of life, sometimes just assuming it will happen to them because their parents or grandparents suffered with the same condition. Many of these chronic conditions are linked and can shorten your lifespan and increase the amount of pain that a person has to deal with daily. Usually a person suffers with more than one of these conditionsRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And Its Effects On The Quality Of Life3510 Words   |  15 Pages Diabetes has been portrayed as an epidemic affecting an expected 104 million individuals around the world. Diabetes is not only a typical chronic ailment as well as it meets all 3 criteria for a public health disease (Cockram, 2000). The objective of the clinical administration of all types of diabetes is to control metabolic disorders related to diabetes without adversely affecting the quality of life (Renders, et al. 2000). The research study is focused on management of diabetes mellitus in AsianRead MoreTeaching The Patient With Diabetes Mellitus Type Two869 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching the Patient with Diabetes Mellitus Type Two Introduction Teaching self-care management in today’s society has become a crucial aspect in medical treatment. Providing educational consultation for the patient creates awareness towards progressive overall health. Nurses are an important medium of the interdisciplinary team when patient teaching is involved. The nurse will provide education to the patient and family while under the nurse’s care. In order for teaching to be effective: the nurseRead MoreAnalyzing The Snap Risk Factor Reduction Strategy And Its Purpose Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesthen goals to lose a certain amount of weight is made and goals to eat set amounts of nutritional foods is made (RACGP 2015). - Assisting Giovani by producing a plan tailored specifically for him to manage his weight and a diet plan in accordance with dietary guidelines. - Arranging a weight loss problem and regular visits with the GP. Question 7 Using the RACGP guidelines for DM management, describe the nutritional guidelines Giovanni will need to follow once he is discharged (6 marks) Once GiovanniRead MorePlan Of Care For A Diabetic Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of Diabetes Mellitus; Type 2 is the most common type and the one that I have chosen to focus on due to the personal nature in my family, the high prevalence among Hispanics like myself, and for the large arena of educational improvements that can be made. According to Healthy People 2020, Diabetes Mellitus affects an estimated 23.6 million people in the United States and is the 7th leading cause of death (HealthyPeople.gov, 2016). Educating as many people with Diabetes Mellitus as possibleRead MoreAnalytical Essay : Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus2084 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was a disease that was thought to have a rare occurrence in children and adolescents a couple decades ago. Nevertheless, researchers have begun to observe the rise in type 2 diabetes mellitus in both adults and children (1). Even though type 1 diabetes mellitus is still the main form of the disease in young people, it is most likely that type 2 diabetes mellitus will prevail in young patients in the near future. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has already been presentedRead MoreWomen s Prevalence Of Diabetes1487 Words   |  6 Pagesprevalence of diabetes is 3 to 5 times higher in First Nations than in the general population† (Introduction section, para. 1). Gestational diabetes mellitus is just one of the many types of diabetes Aboriginal people are faced with. It is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy; when your body is unable to produce an adequate amount of insulin to cope with fluctuating hormones and a growing baby (Harris, Bhattach aryya, Dyck, Hayward, Toth, 2013). Although gestational diabetes mellitus (GMD)Read MoreThe Importance Of A Patient Newly Diagnosed With Iddm1502 Words   |  7 PagesInsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or IDDM, is something that I have always had an interest and passion for. At the age of twelve, I was diagnosed with IDDM. At that time, my life changed drastically. I went from being what I considered to be a â€Å"normal† twelve year old to â€Å"different. The things that I have done and learned throughout the course of my life with diabetes, has allowed me to better relate to my patients and help them out during their time of illness. I am blessed and thankful thatRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : Top Ten Killer Disease1632 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes Mellitus: Top Ten Killer Disease Diabetes mellitus (also known as diabetes) is the cause of 1.5 million human deaths in the world and is anticipated to be the 7th leading cause of death in the year 2030 (Diabetes, 2015). Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by a lack of or non-production of insulin, which is supplied by the pancreas and created from Islets of Langerhans. Insulin and glucose work as a team to enter the body’s bloodstream and get burned to create energy for the body. Therefore

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Essay on Is the Utilization of Learning Styles Necessary

There is a great debate raging throughout the educational system in America today. At the heart of this battle is the question over whether or not educators should alter their lesson plans to reflect the learning styles of their students. Many of us have heard someone say, â€Å"I couldn’t figure out what they were saying, but once they showed me how I was able to do it.† This is an example of someone’s learning style. A learning style is the way a person prefers to process, internalize, and remember new information or concepts. On one side of this debate are those educators that believe students should adapt to the teacher’s way of teaching, and that some students will just have to try harder than others to be successful learners. Then there†¦show more content†¦There are other variables when examining learning styles that take a little more time to uncover, but are equally as important. There are some people who believe that if the way things have been done in the past worked then why change and do them differently now. Some educators seem to trust this adage still today. They utilize the same lesson plans and reading assignments and lectures semester after semester never questioning whether or not their students are in fact involved in the learning process or if their students really know the information. Neil D Fleming, Educational Developer at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand and co-developer of VARK a guide to learning styles once wrote, â€Å"If access to information was knowledge then libraries would grant degrees to every student who borrowed 65 books.† On the surface this practice would be absurd yet is this not exactly what is being practiced by the educators who just expect their students to learn because the reading was assigned or the lecture was given? Students are being expected to â€Å"know† the real world applications of the subject being taught through a book or a lecture. Some students are never even allowed to manipulate or misapply the information supplied so that they can learn through their mistakes, they only â€Å"parrot† back the same dry factsShow MoreRelatedLearning Style Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Style Following a review of the Vark Questionnaire and Analysis, it has been determined that preferred learning style is multimodal. The Multimodal learning preference refers to the utilization of multiple learning strategies which consists of Aural, Visual, Read-Write and kinesthetic learning preferences (ARK). Statistically, 60% of any population is believed to utilize multiple preferences for learning strategy. In utilizing the multimodal style of learning, one is able to use multipleRead MoreDefinition And Features Of School Uniforms Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagesp dir=ltr style=line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: center; id=docs-internal-guid-bff5b218-0883-fd5c-4afa-e9daad63dcf9span style=font-size:24px;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;School Uniforms: A Justified Solution/span/pp dir=ltr style=line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;span style=font-size:24px;font-famiRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Schools Uniforms819 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals do not know is that, in fact, school uniforms would enhance how the learning environment functions. Surely, when schools provide their students with uniforms, they are not providing their students with dreadful apparel, they are providing their students with an opportunity to chang e; whether it be a chance for a student to change their role academically, or a chance for a student to fit in. School uniforms are a necessary component needed in schools, for they show school unity, develop betterRead MoreLiterature Review : The Class Collage By Jeff Sommers1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is a contemplative tone when he reflected on the ethical issue of sweatshops. Along with the tone of the articles, both also showed usage of italicizing words to show emphasis. Other stylistic feature that was apparent in the articles is the utilization parenthesis and rhetorical questions. Before the introduction, an abstracted is included. The information that it entails is a short summary that is to the point about the whole articles main ideas and objective. Along with the abstract, bothRead MoreTeaching And Learning Process Faculty1191 Words   |  5 PagesTo maximize the teaching and learning process faculty must make conscious multiple teaching methods to assist with the development of critical thinking. The use of multiple assessment techniques to monitor and evaluate the learning process support both formative and summative assessment. Evidence-based decisions will dramatically improve the learning outcomes. The American Nurses Association (as cited in Su, 2007) supports the application of the nursing process as the foundation of decision makingRead MoreA Personal Philosophy Of Education Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesself-knowledge of the professor is critical for meaningful learning to occur. Self-knowledge through reflection allows the professor to embra ce teaching through the eyes of a scholar; thus providing a diverse learning environment supporting engagement and motivation of the learner. This paper describes a specific academia’s mission and vision and why it resonates with me. This paper also explores my personal philosophy of education, ascertaining the learning theory I identify with the most. Mission and VisionRead MoreEvaluation of School Improvement Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesHunter indicated the learning environment should be positive, inviting, friendly, clean, and safe. Visitors should feel welcomed as they enter the school building. Dr. Hunter noted positive learning environment celebrates the diversity of the school population. The positive learning environment reflects the culture, belief, and values of the community, which is woven into the fabric of the school curriculum (Nolan, 2008). Dr. Hunter was certain the school represented a learning environment, whichRead MoreA Critique Of Leadership Style1132 Words   |  5 Pagesmethods. I will describe my current preceptor’s leadership style, giving an example of an observed valuable leadership strategy and why I found it to be successful. Shadowed by an example of an observed unsuccessful leadership strategy, how I responded, and a recommended strategy for the situation described. Ending with the t ype of leader I aspire to be in the future and my final thought regarding leadership. Preceptor Leadership Style First, I will critique the Nurse Manager for Baker City HealthRead MoreSchizophrenia And Medication Adherence And Health Care Utilization1293 Words   |  6 PagesTypically a prescription for antipsychotics is necessary not only to reduce positive and negative symptoms but also to assist the patient in participation with psychotherapy. Unfortunately, given the nature of schizophrenia, adherence with medication’s can be rather challenging and increase the risk for hospitalization. Authors Markowitz, Karve, Panish, Candrilli and Alphs (2013) researched patterns of medications adherence and health care utilization in schizophrenia, their findings revealed thatRead MoreAcademic Success : A Student1251 Words   |  6 Pageseducational goals, achieving academic integrity by realizing its importance, efficient utilization of the university?s resources, maintain educational goals for self-development and the importance of writing process in advancing studies and career. Personal Learning Style and its Advantages A student must develop a personal learning style which effectively opens up different platforms of educational enrichment. My learning style ensures that all lectures and classes are attended with any pre-reading that

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on Light and Dark in Antigone - 1194 Words

Use of Light and Dark in Antigone The Golden Age of Greece is noted for its many contributions to the creative world, especially in its development of the play. These performances strived to emphasize Greek morals, and were produced principally for this purpose. Antigone, by Sophocles, is typical. The moral focused on in Antigone is the conflict between physis (nature) and nomos (law), with physis ultimately presiding over nomos. Throughout Antigone, King Creon is a symbol for nomos, while Antigone stands on the side of physis. To portray these ideas, light and dark images are used as a recurring motif to reinforce the theme. Light is used to show something good that is happening, whereas dark is utilized to show something of†¦show more content†¦These are all positive feedback to the victory of Eteolces, and with the help of these light images, it is easy to identify the chorus thoughts. Another praise to Creon is found in Ode I, where his law against burying Polyneices is referred to as clear intelligence. In this instance, clear is used in the sense that it is easily visible, or obvious, making the statement positive for Creon. Later, in Ode I, the gods again side with Creon, as they refer to his decisions in lines 4 to 5, Earth, holy and inexhaustible, is graven/With shining furrows where his plows have gone... The gods are praising Creon; shining furrows where his plows have gone imply that he has left a good indent on matters that he has ruled on, in this case referring to the law against burying Polyneices. It is once again apparent that nomos is being favored by the chorus. As the middle of Antigone approaches, the chorus seems to be unsure of whom to favor, and is torn between physis and nomos. Because of this, references to light and dark motifs in scenes two and three are ironic, and sometimes even contradictory. In lines 89 to 90 of Scene II, Creon claims, ...crimes kept in the dark/Cry for light. As Creon says this in regards to Antigone, this statement, ironically, could apply to him as well, as his recent actions and abuse of his power could also be considered a crime. This comment actually foreshadows Creons own fate. AnotherShow MoreRelatedThemes of Antigone2022 Words   |  9 PagesThe Themes of Antigone Antigone is credited as one of the best works of Sophocles, ranked by most modern critics above Oedipus the King. There are many aspects of Antigone that make it the play critics love to decipher and rave about. Antigone must be received as the canon of ancient tragedy: no tragedy of antiquity that we possess approaches it in pure idealism, or in harmony of artistic development hails critic Berhardy (Theatre History). He goes on to rave It is the first poem produced byRead MoreSignificance of the Women in Sophocles Antigone Essay2507 Words   |  11 PagesSignificance of the Women in Antigone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Michael J. O’Brien in the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, maintains that there is â€Å"a good deal of evidence to support this view† that the fifth century playwright was the â€Å"educator of his people† and a â€Å"teacher† (4). Sophocles in his tragedy Antigone teaches about â€Å"morally desirable attitudes and behavior,† (4) and uses a woman as heroine and another woman in a supporting role to do most of the instructingRead More Irony in Sophocles Antigone Essay2352 Words   |  10 Pagesthe irony, in Sophocles’ tragedy Antigone, and see if we don’t conclude that, as it applies to King Creon it brings quite the same result as in Jevons’ stated situation.    In Sophocles: The Theban Plays E. F. Watling comments on Sophocles’ usage of dramatic irony in his dramas: â€Å". . . that powerful and subtle weapon of ‘dramatic irony’ which Sophocles used with especial skill, whereby the audience can judge every speech and action of the play in the light of their previous knowledge of theRead MoreSophocles Antigone And Anouilh s Antigone : A Study Of Loyalty And Her Usefulness As A Character Essay2645 Words   |  11 PagesIsmene in Sophocles’ Antigone and Anouilh’s Antigone: a study in loyalty and her usefulness as a character Sophocles’ Antigone is a well-known Greek play, and Anouilh’s Antigone is a modern twentieth-century adaptation of it. Both deal with the aftermath of Antigone’s choice to go bury her brother Polyneices even though the king, Creon, has expressly forbidden the burial of the traitor brother. Antigone and Creon are of course the central characters, but Ismene, Antigone’s sister, is importantRead More A Comparison of Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold and Prayer Before Brith by Louis MacNeice1107 Words   |  5 PagesBrith by Louis MacNeice Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold, written in 1867, and Prayer Before Birth written in 1951 by Louis MacNeice share many similarities despite being written nearly on hundred years apart from each other. This essay will explore the issues and ideas that both poems share, in addition to drawing attention to some of the key differences. Dover Beach is about the thoughts of a man on his honeymoon, who shares his sentiments about the suffering ofRead MoreA Summary On Tragedy 2914 Words   |  12 PagesHannah Fraser HC 223H Goldberg 03 June 2015 As a summary of the quarter’s work, write an essay that presents your answer to the question of the day, ‘Is tragedy (still) possible?’ Be specific in your definitions, and illustrate your points with examples drawn from class material and anything else you may find helpful. The Foundations of a Tragedy For centuries the only definition of tragedy available to critics was found through Aristotle’s Poetics. Rarely were the ideas of Aristotle challengedRead MoreLiterature: Compare and Contrast - Literary Devices5483 Words   |  22 PagesDevices Kathy J. Shannon University of Phoenix Mickeal M. Donald, Instructor September 3, 2010 Compare and Contrast Literature offers a variety of literary works by authors of all ages, writing non-fiction and fictional stories, poetry, and essays. The act of analyzing two different authors by both comparing their work and isolating their contrasting elements, can be difficult, yet rewarding. Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), written in 429 B.C., offers the authors use of Greek Mythology, oraclesRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesam I, now reason is past care, And frantic mad with evermore unrest, My thoughts and my discourse as madmen’s are, At random from the truth vainly expressed;   Ã‚  Ã‚  For I have sworn thee fair and thought thee bright,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Who art as black as hell, as dark as night. In many ways, Shakespeare’s use of the sonnet form is richer and more complex than this relatively simple division into parts might imply. Not only is his sequence largely occupied with subverting the traditional themes of love sonnets—the

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Develops Vaccines Different Kind Diseases â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Develops Vaccines Different Kind Diseases? Answer: Introduction ABC Corporation Pvt. Ltd., based in Australia, is one of the top research companies in the world that develops vaccines to cure different kind of diseases, which are spreading on a massive scale. Recently, the corporation has developed a vaccine that can treat a deadly virus that is rapidly spreading in West Africa. The vaccine has been tested on infected chimpanzees, which has yielded positive results and the healthcare authorities of the country say that it will take 10 years for the corporation to test it on humans as the side effects of the vaccine on human body are not yet known. Luckily, an African health worker has volunteered to use the vaccine in order to cure thousands of west Africans who have been infected by the virus. This report has been prepared to use the 8-step decision making process and decide whether the health worker should be allowed to use the vaccine or not. Defining the problem The problem that the managers of ABC Corporation are currently facing is a major issue that the people working in such a field are bound to experience. On one hand, the managers are obviously desperate to begin human trials because of the vaccine is actually successful in curing the virus, they will be able to save millions of lives and will also be able to stop the virus from spreading or affecting the future generations. On the other hand, allowing the health worker to use the vaccine on humans, without having adequate knowledge about its side effects on the human body is an unethical decision and might invite legal troubles for the corporation. Further, the failure of the vaccine to work on humans or the possibility of dangerous side effects could make the situation even worse. As a result, the managers of the corporation are facing serious issue that has to be addressed as soon as possible. Decision criteria From the view point of the corporation, reaching a solution to the problem is definitely not easy. The corporation deals in the health industry and is required to follow an ethical approach in whatever decision it takes. Therefore, the solution to the present problem should definitely meet some ethical standards and the corporation should be able to justify its choice of solution. First of all, it is important that the solution taken by the managers of the corporation is ethical and should be in the interest of the general public. Secondly, the solution that the management of the corporation finds to the problem, should be in accordance with the legal bindings so that the corporation does not have to face legal threats at a later stage. Thirdly, the solution to the problem should ensure that the people involved in the research should not face further deterioration of their health because of the vaccine. Lastly, it is important that the corporation is able to justify its choice of solution on ethical grounds so that its reputation does not suffers. Weigh decision criteria To make the process of decision making simpler, the managers of the ABC Corporation can allocate a weightage score to different criteria that they think are involved or should be used to reach a s solution. In this particular case, we have already prepared a list of four criterions that are important to reach a solution. Therefore, their weightage (on a scale of 1-3, where 1 implied less important and 3 implies very important) is given below: CRITERIA WEIGHTAGE Ethicality 2 Legal adherence 3 Public health 3 Reputation 2 The two possible solutions to the problem, as of now is that the company offers the vaccine to the health worker and allow him to use it for treating the infected population or it rejects the proposal and waits until it has completed human trials. Identify alternatives As discussed above, finding a solution to the problem being faced by the corporation is not an easy task and the management will have to identify a number of alternative solutions to ensure that the best decision is made. Some alternatives to the solutions discussed above are discussed below: An alternative solution to the problem being faced by the corporation is that it can find volunteers, who have been infected by the virus and are ready to use the vaccine in order to find a potential cure to their infection. The corporation can follow all the legal proceedings and can make the volunteers sign a contract under which the corporation would not be held responsible for any side effects that are experienced due to the usage of the vaccine. Analysis of alternative The alternative solution to the problem being faced by the corporation can prove to be an effective solution that would help the management in dealing with the issues that it is currently facing. First of all, the alternate solution will help the corporation in avoiding a situation where it would have to wait for another 10 years for trying the vaccine on humans. Furthermore, if the vaccine proves to be successful on the humans as well, the corporation will be able to save millions of lives which would otherwise be lost in 10 years until the vaccine is tried on humans. Thirdly, allowing infected people to volunteer for the vaccine program will allow the corporation to avoid legal trouble, begin human trails immediately and also to perform a thorough research on the effects that the vaccine can have on the humans. Therefore, the alternative solution can help the company in dealing with most of the problems that it is currently facing (Crueltyfreeinternational, n.d.). Selection of an alternative The corporation is at a stage where it does not have much alternatives to choose from. The situation is critical and the lives of millions of infected people are at stake. If the company fails to find immediate alternatives, it would have to wait for a very long time to commence human trails for the vaccine and a lot of lives will be lost in that time gap. As a result, the best alternative solution that the corporation has right now is to look for volunteers who will be ready to try the vaccine and not blame the corporation for any side effects that occur as a result of the usage of the vaccine. Furthermore, as the health worker from Africa is ready to try the vaccine on some of the infected population, it would not be difficult for the corporation to look for volunteers. Therefore, this alternative solution will be the best solution to solve all the problems that the corporation is currently facing. Implementation of the alternative Implementation of the alternative solution would not be a difficult task for the corporation as it already has a health worker demanding the vaccine so that he can use it on the affected people. The company can sign a legal contract with the health worker that the vaccine would be used on the affected people in a controlled quantity and that the corporation would be allowed to carry out a research on the response shown by the body of those people who will be treated with the vaccine. Further, the company can also get it signed that they are using the vaccine according to their own wish and the corporation would not be held responsible for any side effects. Evaluation of the decision it would not be difficult for the corporation to start testing the vaccine on volunteers and the corporation will also be able to proceed with human trails without any legal troubles. Further, it is also possible that the vaccine actually works and is able to cure the infection, which will ultimately help the corporation in saving millions of lives. Conclusion ABC Corporation has definitely worker hard to come up with a cure to a disease that has been affecting millions of lives. Its efforts to save lives are now dependent on the management of the corporation to look for a solution to the ongoing problems. The management should look into the decision process discussed above and should implement an alternative solution, which will help it in dealing with most of its problems. References Goldmeier, J., 2015. Decision marketing Shouldn't be this Complex. [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/decision-making-shouldnt-complex-jordan-goldmeier[Accessed 22 September 2017]. Crueltyfreeinternational, n.d. Alternatives to animal testing. [Online] Available at: https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/alternatives-animal-testing[Accessed 22 September 2017]. NIAID, 2013. How To Volunteer for Vaccine Research Studies. [Online] Available at: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/clinical-trials/how-volunteer-vaccine-research-studies[Accessed 22 September 2017]. Walsh, F., 2013. Big rise in volunteers for medical trials. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-22594635 [Accessed 22 September 2017].