Wednesday, October 30, 2019

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy Essay

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy - Essay Example Cultural diplomacy is imperative for states in order to achieve opportunities and broader prospects of business, education etc. from different parts of the world. It will not be incorrect to state that cultural diplomacy is as important for a country as its foreign policy. It is due to the fact that both maintain peaceful international relationship of a respective country with other countries in terms of politics, economics, education etc. British Council is one of the renowned cultural diplomacy tools of United Kingdom that has had a prestigious history of marinating peaceful relationship of UK with other countries. This paper aims to discuss the role of British Council in conducting cultural diplomacy for UK. The analysis would be done by closely looking at the historical highlights and achievements of British Council. Furthermore, its significance would also be studied in the paper within the context of its foreign policy. British Council is referred to the international cultural body of United Kingdom that was initiated in order to represent UK’s culture in different parts of the world. British Council is basically an independent council which is public in its scope. It should be noted that British Council is closely working with government. The role of government in administrating British Council is in terms of selecting countries where cultural diplomatic activities can be undertaken (Taylor, Cultural Diplomacy and the British Council:). The goals and missions of British Council have common agenda of conducting cultural diplomacy for UK in international world order to develop a positive image of UK (Ager). British Council is also considered as an intermediary of foreign policy department of United Kingdom as its concept was discussed and passed at the foreign diplomatic organization of UK. British Council was initiated at the time when many other cultural organizations from France and counterparts of Europe were actually becoming victorious in conducting cultural diplomacy across the globe. It can be said that British Council was initiated as an inspired project from the existing cultural organizations of French and Germans in late 1920s (Hecht and Donfried). In actual terms, British Council was initiated in 1934 in order to introduce different countries with Britain’s standard of education and its culture. The core goals of representing education and cultural standing of Britain were achieved by organizing expedition tasks, concerts, art exhibitions, tutorials and lectures etc (Hecht and Donfried). The primary focus of British Council in the initial stages was to give coverage to the Middle Eastern countries and underdeveloped countries of Europe where much assistance for education was needed during 1950s (Thomas). The working process of British Council was majorly indirect in its initial stages until it started to operate in its own offices. Earlier, a number of consulates were being worked through by British Council which relatively slowed down its working mechanism. Obviously, it was a very crucial stage for British Council to begin operating from its own offices in different locations of the world (Levermore and Budd). It was for this reason that the organization collected information regarding different communities of the world at the first place to give preference to location. After getting an augment idea through research regarding different communities, British Council resumed its operation through offices opened abroad. In this series, the first office of British Council was opened at Egypt. It should be noted that the working criteria of British Council got complicated as international politics was heading towards World War II (Levermore and Budd). A great deal of barriers was noted in the working process of British Council as World War II led in the closure of most of its offices in Middle East and Mediterranean countries. It should be not

Monday, October 28, 2019

France and French culture Essay Example for Free

France and French culture Essay Despite the recent backlash against France and French culture in the past few years, as well as there being no shortage of jokes on television and on the radio at the expense at the France, the truth is that if it were not for the French and their involvement during the American Revolution, America would not have gained their independence from Great Britain. This assertion, despite the fact that historians do not like to play the game of â€Å"what if,† the large majority agree on this point. Historians from Gore Vidal, Stephen Ambrose and David McCullough all agree that had it not been for the assistance of France, America would not gave gained their independence. The â€Å"bear† is Great Britain. An aggressive pursuit of imperialism on behalf of Great Britain in the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries had not been seen since the end of the Roman Empire. The reasons for France’s involvement in the American Revolution might have been more a question of revenge against Britain than the involvement of spreading democracy throughout the world as France itself would experience only 10 years after their initial entrance into the war with their own French Revolution. When the French entered on the side of colonists, the war was going badly in general. There had been a number of victories for the Colonists but America’s only hope that a sustained war, brought on by implementing guerilla tactics would eventually lead to a tiring of the British troops. Also, it was the entire motivatation of the Colonists to get France on their side. Ben Franklin was pressing the French constantly for their help during this time. Also, it was not out of a coincidence that Franklin was chosen and not others since Franklin were adored by the French. Thomas Jefferson also was instrumental as well in getting France involved on the side of the Colonists. It is also not a coincidence that France was being targeted for their help. They, along with Great Britain, were the powers in the world at that time. That is why such a statement as â€Å"Daddy and I killed the Bear† is accurate and correct. The bear is Great Britain. They did not conquer 1/3 of the world by being nice. â€Å"Daddy† is France and the child is America. â€Å"Daddy† is usually the stronger of the two and is more established. He is responsible for the care and well being of the child and helps the child to grow and to mature until eventually, the child exceeds the father in stature, independence and strength. However, the child would not be allowed to grow if not for the effort exerted on the part of the father. A father who neglects his son and does not raise him up in a proper way and the chances increase exponentially, for that child to fail to fully realize his full potential. The very same occurred in this instance and therefore, the aforementioned statement is accurate and carried a great deal of weight and validity.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Jane Austens Life and Work Essay -- Author Biography

Jane Austen, one of the most celebrated novelists, wrote seven of the most distinguished novels in the English language. Her first novel--which she started in 1795, revised in 1809 or 1810, and finally published in 1811—was Sense and Sensibility. Many agree that her most renowned work would be Pride and Prejudice. Austen began writing in her early twenties but did not publish her work until later in her life. She obtained a better education than most women of her time. Born in Steventon Village in Hampshire on December 16, 1775, Austen was born into an upper middle class family. She was the daughter of George Austen, a clergyman, and Cassandra Austen. Austen received her education at Reading Abby School. Before she was eighteen Austen had written three volumes of juvenilia and her first book was published at the age of thirty-five. Pride and Prejudice, originally titled First Impressions, was submitted to a London publisher by her father in 1797, a year after Austen b egan writing it. Although the novel was enjoyed by many of her friends and family, the publisher rejected it. She moved to Bath in 1801 and continued to work on First Impressions until 1805 when her father and a close friend passed away in which time she stopped writing for almost five years. In 1809 Austen moved to Hampshire at Chawton College, close to her hometown of Steventon and on January 28, 1813 Pride and Prejudice was published anonymously. Austen’s novels are about people of her societal class on courtship and marriage and throughout her life there were approximately fifteen anonymous reviews, three on Pride and Prejudice. James Edward Austen-Leigh, Austen’s nephew, wrote her first biography in 1870 portraying her as a benevolent, devout, â€Å"spin... ...te, clever, pointed, and satirical to say the least. Jane Austen’s Emma relates to her life in the fact that she writes about the people in her societal class. All of her characters live near the area she grew up in and are all upper middle class families. In Emma George Knightley is often the voice of Austen herself. He relays her opinions and emotions in a subtle way that does not disengage the reader too much. While relaying her opinions and emotions through a character within the novel, it keeps the reader involved enough to keep their emotions within the story and not towards Austen herself. Works Cited Collins, K K. â€Å"Austen, Jane.† World Book Student. World Book Student. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. Gale Student Resources in Context. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. Hodge, J.A., et al. â€Å"Jane Austen.† Columbia Encyclopedia. EBSCOhost. Web. 4 Jan. 2011.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Individual Learner Differences In Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

1. IntroductionThe fact that competence degrees attained by 2nd linguistic communication scholars fluctuate so greatly ( Lightbown and Spada, 2006: 53 ) , raises an challenging inquiry with respects to 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( SLA ) , why are some persons better at geting linguistic communication than others? A major ground for this fluctuation in L2 proficiency degrees is normally attributed to single scholar differences ( ILDs ) , ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005: 2 ) . This essay sets out to explicate the of import function that ILDs play in SLA, through an in-depth treatment on the part made by L2 motive. Three influential theories offering different positions on L2 motive: the Socio-educational theoretical account, self-government theory and the Process theoretical account will be discussed in item. I will besides look at the theoretical displacements presently taking topographic point in L2 motive research, before reasoning with a treatment on the schemes that instructors can utilize to instil and nurture motive in their pupils.2. Role of ILDs in SLAIndividual differences are alone larning features which are present in all scholars to changing grades. They can assist to separate acquisition demands and place the extent to which scholars will win in geting a 2nd linguistic communication ( Lightbown and Spada, 2006 ) . These differences are societal, cognitive and affectional in nature, and include aptitude, motive, age, personality, larning schem es, larning manners and anxiousness ( for detailed reappraisals, see for illustration, Naiman et al 1995 ; Skehan 1989 ; D & A ; ouml ; rnyei 2005 ) . Their relevancy to linguistic communication accomplishment has made ILDs, a focal point of considerable attending in SLA research ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005 ) . Developments in research, particularly in relation to aptitude and motive, has seen a displacement from a product-orientated attack to a more process-orientated stance ( ibid: 6 ) . Recent surveies have highlighted the importance of the temporal nature and situational context of scholar features ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . Current statements nevertheless, have suggested that instead than being massive variables, ILDs are complex properties dwelling of a combination of sub-components and sub-processes ( ibid ) . All ILDs are implicated in linguistic communication acquisition, nevertheless they do non work in isolation and some even have elements in common ( Gardner, 2008 ) . A expression at some of the influential theories which have emerged from research on L2 motive over the last 50 old ages will assist to explicate the complex function that ILDs can play in the linguistic communication larning procedure.3. L2 MotivationMotivation is a scholars ‘ orientation towards larning ends ( Gardner, 1985 ) , and is regarded by many as the most influential ILD in the linguistic communication larning procedure ( Ellis, 1985 ) . Therefore its relevancy to the schoolroom environment becomes apparent, and to cognize what drives this motive is of great pedagogic involvement. Many of the scholar features involved in the SLA procedure are dependent on, and in some instances wholly overridden by motive ( Gardner, 2006 ) . A scholar with a natural aptitude for larning linguistic communications, for illustration, may happen it hard to achieve long-run linguistic communication ends without the necessary motive ( ibid ) . On the other manus, high degrees of motive may take to successful acquisition, even where small aptitude exists for linguistic communication ( ibid ) . Theories looking to explicate the function of motive in linguistic communication acquisition have evolved through four chief phases. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ( 2005 ) categorises these as: the Social Psychological period ( 1959-1990 ) ; the Cognitive-Situated period ( 1990 ‘s ) ; the Process-orientated phase ( late 1990 ‘s ) ; and eventually a period ( last decennary ) consisting of new attacks that have focused on a scholars sense of self-identity. Table 1 summarises the chief L2 motive theories and constructs.3.1. The Social Psychological attack to L2 motiveInterest in L2 motive was initiated by societal psychologists Wallace Lambert, Robert Gardner and associates every bit early as 1959, looking to understand the linguistic communication and culturalApproach to motiveExamplesSocial-psychologicalSocio-educational theoretical account, ( Gardner, 1985 ) .Cardinal constructs: Integrative motive, Integrativeness, integrative orientation.Theory of Linguistic assurance, ( Clement , 1986 ) .Cardinal constructs: Self-confidence – a self-belief of holding the ability to pull off the acquisition procedure. Cognitive – SituatedSelf-determination theory, ( Brown, 1994 ; Noels et al. , 2000 ) .Cardinal constructs: intrinsic/extrinsic motive, amotivation.Attribution theory, ( Weiner, 1992 ) .Cardinal constructs: imputing past success or failure to current actions.Goal puting theory, ( Oxford and Shearin, 1994 ) .Cardinal constructs: Cognitive perceptual experience of ends as a motivation factor.Goal orientation theory, ( Ames, 1992 ) .Cardinal constructs: Goal command andperformance orientations.Motivation and scholar scheme usage, ( Oxford and Nyikos ; 1989, Macintyre et al. , 1996 ) .Cardinal constructs: Motivation as a cardinal factor in exciting scheme usage.Task Motivation, ( Julkunen, 2001 ; Dornyei, 2003 ) .Cardinal constructs: undertaking executing, assessment, action control. Assorted attackI. Willingness to pass on, ( Macintyre et al. , 1998, 2003 ) .Cardinal constructs: Willingness to pass on as a cardinal factor for accomplishing communicative competence. Process-orientatedProcess theoretical account, ( Dornyei and Otto, 1998 ; Dornyei, 2001b ) .Cardinal constructs: temporal nature of motive, which includes a preactional/actional/postactional phase. Current and futureL2 motivational ego system, ( Dornyei, 2005 ) .Cardinal constructs: ideal L2 ego, ought-to L2 ego.Complex dynamic systems, ( Larsen-Freeman, 2007 ) .Cardinal constructs: incorporating different theoretical positions.Table 1. Some of the different attacks used in L2 motive researchstruggles between English and Gallic speech production communities in Canada. Their research adopted a socio-psychological attack, based on the cardinal thought that a scholar ‘s success in geting a 2nd linguistic communication is dictated by an attitude towards the mark linguistic communication community ( Gardner, 1985 ) . Their research on pupils larning Gallic showed that aptitude and motive are closely associated with accomplishment in linguistic communication acquisition ( ibid ) . They concluded that motive is characterised by an person ‘s willingness to be like members of the mark community ( ibid ) . A theoretical account based on a socio-psychological attack that has been really influential in L2 motive research is Gardner ‘s socio-educational theoretical account ( see for illustration, Gardner and Lambert, 1972 ; Gardner, 1985 ; Gardner and MacIntyre, 1991 ) . The most recent version of this theoretical account is shown in figure 1.LANGUAGE ACHIEVMENTOther Factors( for illustration, Learning schemes, linguistic communication ANXIETY ( Gardner, 2001 ) )Other SupportLANGUAGE APTITUDEINTEGRATIVE MOTIVATIONINTEGRATIVENESSMotivationATTITUDE TOWARDS THE LEARNING SIITUATIONFigure 1. A basic theoretical account of the function of motive in SLA ( adapted from Gardner ( 2001b ) ) .The most luxuriant and researched facet of Gardner ‘s theoretical account is ‘integrative motive ‘ , which he defines as the motive to larn a L2 because of a positive attitude towards, and a desire to incorporate with that community ( Gardner, 2001b ) . The three variables that constitut e integrative motive are ( ibid ) : Integrativeness – this represents a desire to larn a 2nd linguistic communication to place with the mark community, and is reflected in a scholar ‘s behavior through the followers: An integrative orientation, stand foring the ground for acquisition, which in this instance is an involvement in larning an L2 to interact with the mark community. A positive attitude towards the mark linguistic communication group. An involvement in foreign linguistic communications or a general openness to all linguistic communication groups. Attitudes towards the acquisition state of affairs ( ATLS ) – this refers to attitudes towards the linguistic communication instructor, the class in general, the class stuffs and other factors related to the larning context. Motivation – this is a scholar ‘s end driven behaviour. A motivated scholar: makes a conjunct attempt to larn a linguistic communication, for illustration by making excess work and seeking more learning chances, displays a strong desire to larn a linguistic communication and is focused on accomplishing the end, enjoys acquisition and has an overall positive attitude towards the acquisition procedure. An integratively motivated scholar is hence: motivated to larn a 2nd linguistic communication, lament to interact and be associated with the mark community, and has a positive mentality on the learning state of affairs. To prolong consistent degrees of motive, integrativeness and/or a positive ATLS are indispensable features, nevertheless, it is the motive component of the ‘Integrative Motivation ‘ composite that is the active variable and which straight influences ‘Language Achievement ‘ ( Gardner, 2001b: 6 ) . Therefore, a scholar who has a high degree of integrativeness and/or a positive attitude towards larning, but is low in motive is improbable to accomplish high degrees of proficiency. The affect of instrumental factors on L2 motive was non included in Gardner ‘s nucleus theory, but he suggests that they could be one of the ‘other supports ‘ impacting motive ( Gardner, 2001a: 7 ) . Based on this, it is possible to replace integrativeness with instrumentality in the representation of the theoretical account in figure 1, to give what Gardner calls ‘Instrumental Motivation ‘ ( ibid ) . This is a motive to larn a L2 for instrumental additions, such as better employment or instruction. An instrumentally motivated scholar has specific communicative demands, which provide a intent for larning and an drift for successful linguistic communication acquisition ( Gardner and Lambert, 1972 ) . Gardner ‘s theoretical account makes small mention to other properties, for illustration, personal aspirations and past experiences, which could impact an integratively motivated scholar. However, empirical research in different contexts is continuously conveying to illume the possibility of including more factors in the general L2 motivational concept. To look into Gardner ‘s theoretical account for adaptability, Tremblay and Gardner ( 1995 ) integrated other measurings of motive, such as anxiousness and goal-setting schemes. Empirical testing of the drawn-out theoretical account showed that add-on of the excess variables did non impact the construction of the original theoretical account ( ibid ) . Research on motive in different context has led some applied linguists to propose the impression of the linguistic communication community associated with integrative motive is indefensible for international scholars of English ( Ushioda and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . In a multi-lingual society like China, for illustration, few chances exist for interacting with native English communities. In such a context, instrumental motive or external factors ( for illustration, tests and employment ) are more prevailing among scholars than a desire for incorporating with native talkers of English ( Warden and Lin, 2008 ) . For this ground, other research workers have suggested that the integrative concept should at least be re-examined by including the planetary L2 larning context and the multi-dimensionality of a scholar ‘s individuality. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Csizer, ( 2002 ) suggested that instead than placing with an external linguistic communication community, the integrative construct could be more accurately linked to a scholar ‘s internal procedure of designation with a self-concept. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ‘s ( 2005 ) motivational self-system which developed from this thought is discussed in subdivision 3.4.3.2. Self-government Theory and SLAInfluenced by progresss in motivational psychological science, and a demand to understand the classroom-situated nature of motive, L2 research moved on from a socio-psychological attack, to look at affects of classroom-situated factors on motive. Self-government theory ( SDT ) is a extremely influential attack in motivational psychological science, and several surveies have attempted to integrate some of its constituents to explicate L2 motive ( for illustration, Brown, 1994 ; Noels et al. , 2000 ) . Harmonizing to this theory there are three types of scholar motives: intrinsic motive, extrinsic motive, and amotivation ( Deci and Ryan, 2002 ) . These motives form a continuum depending on the grade of scholar self-government, where self-government is as an person ‘s sense of pick and control over the learning procedure ( ibid ) . Intrinsic Motivation ( IM ) refers to an person ‘s motive to set about an activity, strictly for personal feelings of pleasance and enjoyment associated with that activity, and is driven by a desire for competency and self-government ( Noel et al. , 2000 ) . Intrinsically motivated pupils are considered more likely to accomplish liberty, competency and fulfil long-run linguistic communication ends ( Ramage, 1990 ) . Extrinsic motive ( EM ) , on the other manus, relates to actions carried out for: instrumental additions, in hunt for wages or to avoid penalty ( Noels et al. , 2000 ) . This motive can change in degree depending on the extent to which the activity is controlled by the scholar or other variables ( Deci and Ryan, 2002 ) . Vallerand et al. , ( 1993 ) have suggested six subtypes of IM and EM which lie on a continuum of self-government ( see table 2 ) . Christmass ( 2001 ) suggests that L2 learner motive can be assessed utilizing the intrinsic and extrinsic concepts. These motives nevertheless, do non needfully hold to be sole, for illustration, a scholar whose behavior is consistent with ‘identified ordinance ‘ may besides exhibit some of the next motives on the continuum ( ibid ) .Self-governmentType of MotivationDescriptionHigh Nothing Intrinsic Motivation to cognize Performing an activity for the pleasance associated with acquisition or researching new cognition. E.g. , when reading a new book. Intrinsic Motivation to carry through Performing an activity for the pleasance associated with carry throughing or making something. E.g. , a pupil making more prep than is required. Intrinsic Motivation to see stimulation Performing an activity for the stirred esthesiss ( e.g. pleasance and exhilaration ) associated with battle with the activity. E.g. , a pupil who goes to category for the pleasance of take parting in treatments. Extrinsic Motivation – Identified Regulation Extrinsic motive is internalised to the extent that learner behavior is regulated by a sense of value and utility of the activity to the ego. E.g. , a pupil who surveies the dark before an test because they think it is of import to them. Extrinsic Motivation – Introjected Regulation Learner behavior is regulated by internalization of past external agencies. E.g. , analyzing the dark before an test because it is expected of a good pupil. Extrinsic Motivation – External Regulation Learner behavior is regulated wholly by external agencies ( wagess or restraints ) – demoing the least self-determined signifier of extrinsic motive. E.g. , Analyzing the dark before an test because of force per unit area from parents. Amotivation A deficiency of extrinsic and intrinsic motive. A scholar feels their behavior is regulated by factors out of their control, and may finally drop out of the acquisition procedure.Table 2. Language Learning Orientation Scale: Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation ( adapted from Vallerand et al. , ( 1993 ) ) .Intrinsic motive is characterised by a strong sense of self-government, and is closely associated with integrative motive ( Noels, 2001 ) . This suggests that pupils larning a linguistic communication for pleasance may besides be seeking interaction with the L2 community. Intrinsic motive nevertheless, is identified more with attitudes towards larning, than the mark community ( ibid: 54 ) . The societal environment ( for illustration, the instructor, household members and the L2 community ) has considerable influence on a pupil ‘s perceptual experience of self-government. A instructor plays a important function in this respect, and can advance intrinsic motive by promoting learner liberty and supplying positive feedback ( Noels, 2000: 55 ) . Similarly, pupils larning for intrinsic grounds are more sensitive to the instructor ‘s instructional manner ( ibid ) . In contrast, the less self-determined external ordinance constituent of extrinsic motive is linked to instrumental behavior ( Noels, 2001: 53 ) . A restriction of extrinsic behavior is that it can hold short-run features. A survey carried out by Ramage ( 1990 ) showed that pupils who learnt a linguistic communication for academic grounds are more likely to stop future linguistic communication categories. Extrinsic class force per unit areas, for illustration, compulsory reading, can besides negatively impact a scholar ‘s intrinsic involvements ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 1994a ) .3.3. A Process-orientated attack to motiveD & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Otto ‘s ( 1998 ) procedure theoretical account of motive integrates assorted theoretical positions of L2 motive, and draws attending to the temporal nature of motive in schoolroom acquisition. The theoretical account is influenced by Heckhausen and Kuhl ‘s Action control theory, which proposes two consecutive stages of motivatio nal behavior: an person ‘s motive to organize an attending, and a motive to originate and prolong the intended action ( Heckhausen, 1991 ) . D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Otto ‘s theoretical account interruptions down the motivational procedure into three temporal stages. The first relates to the transmutation of initial desires to ends, and so purposes. The following sees these purposes being enacted, taking to the successful/unsuccessful achievement of ends, and the concluding stage is an overall rating of the acquisition procedure ( see figure 2 ) .Preactional Phase( Choice Motivation )Motivational Functions: generate motive to choose a end ; organize an purpose to move ; choose an action program to ordain the purpose. Possible factors act uponing motive: end belongingss ; attitude towards the acquisition procedure ; attitude towards the mark community ; perceptual experience of self-ability ; societal environmental encouragement or disheartenment.Actional Phase( Executive Motivation )Motivational Functions: transport out sub-tasks to keep motive ; ongoing assessment of accomplishment ; action control ( self-regulation to assist persist with larning ) . Possible factors act uponing motive: quality of the learning experience ; grade of liberty ; teacher, learner group and household influence/support ; schoolroom construction ( competitory or co-operative ) ; cognition and ability to utilize self-motivating, goal-setting and learning schemes.Postactional Phase( Motivational Retrospection )Motivational Functions: property grounds to success or failure ; elaborate internal criterions and action-specific schemes ; disregard original purpose and farther planning. Possible factors act uponing motive: personal ascription manner ; assurance ; feedback.Figure 2. Process theoretical account of L2 larning motive ( adapted from Dornyei, ( 2003: 19 ) ) .An of import averment made by the process-orientated theoretical account is that motivational behavior is influenced by different factors. Consequently, different theories of motive can be associated with each stage ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003: 18 ) . Integrativeness, for illustration, may be the motivational influence on end scene in the preactional phase. In the executive stage, situated facets of motive drama a greater function, mechanisms of the undertaking processing system are more relevant here ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003 ) . The retrospective links that scholars make between the original end and existent accomplishment in the post-actional phase are likely to be attributed to past acquisition experiences, a motivational behavior addressed by Weiner ( 1992 ) in the ascription theory. Two facets that the theoretical account overlooks are: the possibility of several actional procedures running at the same time, or an actional procedure with multiple motivational influences ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003 ) . This is likely in a school scene, where pupils frequently have multiple ends ( for illustration, societal and academic ) and overlapping motivational influences ( for illustration, undertaking, class or course of study related ) ( ibid ) . The theoretical account assumes that the actional procedures have defined boundaries, nevertheless in an educational context it may be hard to place where one actional procedure starts and the following Begins.3.4. Present and future: The motivational self-system and a Dynamic systems attack.Since the socio-psychological period of motive research, the planetary world of English has changed vastly. The rapid globalization of English has challenged the cogency of many SLA theories ( Kachru, 1988 ) , because these theories fail to see the context of the universe Englishes scholar ( Sridhar and Sridhar, 1992 ) . With limited or no contact opportunities with the native mark community, the impression of a ‘self-concept ‘ ( mentioning to an person ‘s images and knowledges of the ego ) suggested by D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Csizer ( 2002 ) , is perchance a more relevant motivational characteristic in many EFL contexts. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei developed this thought farther, in his L2 motivational self-system, which equated integrativeness with an ‘ideal L2 ego ‘ ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005 ; 2010 ) . The chief constituents of this system are: ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2010 ) ‘Ideal L2 Self ‘ – a L2-specific image of the properties that one would wish to possess. For illustration, hopes, desires, aspirations. ‘Ought-to L2 Self ‘ – a self-guide which refers to those properties one thinks one ought to possess to run into outlooks and avoid negative results. ‘L2 Learning Experience ‘ – this refers to the executive motivations ( similar to those identified in the Process theoretical account ) associated with the immediate acquisition environment and experience. For illustration, impact of the instructor, other scholars, the class, the experience of success. The hypothesis behind the self-system is that a scholars desire to go a individual proficient in the L2, serves as a powerful actuating force to larn a linguistic communication ( Ushioda and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009: 3-4 ) . A recent survey in the Nipponese context showed that this desire represented by the ideal L2 ego is tantamount to the construct of integrativeness in Gardner ‘s socio-educational theoretical account, but the ideal L2 ego is likely more accurate in explicating motivated behavior ( Ryan, 2009 ) D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ‘s thought of puting the ‘self ‘ at the Centre of the conceptual function of motive offers a new position, nevertheless it overlooks the process-orientated, and contextually dynamic nature of motive. Justifying this complex nature of L2 motive, can merely be possible by incorporating more than one attack ( Macintyre et al. , 2010 ) . A possibility of uniting different positions of motive is suggested by Ushioda ( 2009 ) with her person-in-context, relational position of emergent motive. She suggests that incorporating relevant theoretical models to back up future analysis of the complex nature of interactive procedures and contextual factors in motivational behavior can assist to supply a better apprehension of how L2 motive is shaped ( ibid ) . A similar possibility is offered by the theoretical paradigms of dynamic systems theory ( for a elaborate reappraisal, see Larsen-Freeman and Cameron, 2008 ) . This theory involves a survey of systems, where the system is analysed as a whole instead than as its single parts ( ibid ) . Learner fluctuation is seen as the consequence of a complex system of relevant factors working in unison, instead than as a consequence of differences in single determiners ( for illustration, aptitude or motive ) ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . As an illustration of an application of a dynamic systems attack to L2 acquisition, D & A ; ouml ; rnyei suggests the possibility of placing an optimum combination of motivational, cognitive and affectional factors with respect to task behavior, that map as an incorporate unit ( for a elaborate reappraisal see, ibid ) .4. The practical value of theory – motivational schemes for the schoolroomChomsky ( 1988 ) emphasises the critical function played by ins tructors in scholar motive by proposing that 90 nine per cent of learning involves acquiring pupils interested in larning. A linguistic communication instructor ‘s motivational pattern is besides linked straight to increased degrees of scholar motive ( Guilloteaux and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2008 ) . Therefore, the demand to utilize appropriate schemes to pull off schoolroom motive is highly relevant to L2 practicians. Motivational schemes are techniques used by a instructor to pull off learner motive, or used by single scholars to modulate their ain motive degrees ( Guilloteaux and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2008 ) . Although, several motive schemes have been proposed in L2 literature ( for illustration, Williams and Burden, 1997 ; D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2001a ; Alison and Halliwell, 2002 ) , really few are supported by empirical grounds. Self-motivating schemes for scholars are an even less researched country of L2 motive ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006 ) . An illustration of an luxuriant, theory-based model which looks at motivational schemes from both a instructor and leaner position is proposed by D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ( 2001a ) . This theoretical account consists of four stages ( ibid ) : Making the basic motivational status, by set uping a good student-teacher relationship, a relaxed acquisition atmosphere and a cohesive scholar group. Generating initial motive by: Strengthening linguistic communication related values and attitudes ( intrinsic, integrative or instrumental values ) . Increasing the anticipation of success. Increasing goal-orientedness, for illustration, by doing scholars cognizant of the practical ( non-syllabus related ) grounds or value of making an activity. Making learning stuffs relevant. Making realistic scholar beliefs. Many new scholars have inaccurate beliefs about linguistic communication acquisition, a realization of their falsity can hold a demotivating influence. Keeping and protecting motive, to maintain sight of ends, and keep involvement and concentration. The most relevant schemes in this stage include: Making the acquisition procedure stimulating and interesting. Showing undertakings in a motivation mode, doing them exciting and relevant. Puting specific scholar ends. Continuing the scholar ‘s self-esteem and advancing their assurance. Making scholar liberty. Promoting self-motivating scholar schemes in order to: Continue the original end committedness, for illustration, by promoting scholars to retrieve favorable outlooks or positive wagess. Maintain concentration, for illustration, by promoting scholars to: place and pull off distractions ; and concentrate on the first stairss to take when get downing an activity. Eliminate ennui and add excess involvement in a undertaking, for illustration, by demoing scholars how to add a turn to a undertaking and utilizing their imaginativeness to do it more stimulating. Manage riotous emotions and bring forth a positive emotional province, for illustration, by acquiring pupils to self-encourage and presenting them to relaxation techniques. Remove negative and utilise positive environmental influences, for illustration, by promoting pupils to take distractions and inquiring for equal aid. Promoting positive retrospective self-evaluation, by: Promoting positive scholar ascriptions ( an thought supported by the Attribution theory, Weiner, 1992 ) Supplying motivational feedback, that is enlightening and encouraging. This can assist to increase learner satisfaction and assurance, and encourages constructive self-reflection on failings. Using wagess and classs carefully, as they can deflect the scholar from the existent intent of the undertaking ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006:730 ) . When they are used, they should be offered in a motivational mode. The most motivation of instructors are considered to be those who rely on a few simple and carefully selected techniques ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006: 730-731 ) . Therefore, accomplishing optimum degrees of scholar motive are more likely if motivational schemes are matched by a instructor selectively, to scholars ‘ specific demands.5. DecisionThis essay discussed the important function that motive, as an illustration of an ILD variable, plays in the long and backbreaking undertaking of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. I presented three influential theories that have approached L2 motive from different positions, and looked at some of the current tendencies in motivational research. A expression at some possible motivational schemes demonstrated how theoretical constructs can be applied to better the quality of schoolroom acquisition. The motivational features of the L2 scholar highlight the complex but influential function played by ILDs in SLA. Many of the variables involved in L2 motive have a grade of convergence, and interact both with each other and other ILDs ( Gardner, 2008 ) . In order to understand the true nature of these webs of interactions and their affect on L2 accomplishment, the possibilities offered by a dynamic systems attack is likely the best manner frontward.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Samuel Adams

Samuel Adams: An American View of the Stamp Act Samuel Adams writes a letter to his English friend, John Smith, defending the American’s side of the new imperial taxation and control. He describes the colonists thinking of the act as â€Å"both burdensome and unconstitutional. † They feel as if they are not represented as they should be and that their rights as Englishmen are being taken away from them. He goes on to say that Parliament cannot tax them consistent with the constitution because they are not represented. In 1765 England passed a new law called the Stamp Act.This act was meant to replace the sugar act because that act did not work. It taxed all printed items. England felt that they needed to tax the colonies because the colonies were still a part of England and felt that they needed to help pay for the debt that they were in for the war that they had helped fight for the colonies. Benjamin Franklin proposed that if England was to tax the colonies, then they wanted members in the legislature so they could be one people. However, politicians rejected this idea and called Franklin a radical.England felt like the colonies were already represented enough because they had virtual representation and didn’t need to have geographic representation. England said that geographic representation would cost them too much time and hardly any laws would be passed. In this letter Adams says England is increasing their power and wealth at the colonies expense. He argues against the point that England makes saying that the war was to defend the colonies, saying that England didn’t do it for the colonies, but more for advancing their dominion and glory.Samuel Adams had a bias towards the American side. Originally the audience was his friend John Smith. However, since this letter has been published it is more aimed towards the English because it is refuting their side of the Stamp Act and how they thought of it. Samuel Adams is trying to get his point across that he and the rest of America feel under represented. I think that the meaning of this document is to let people know that there is just more than one side to the different acts that England was passing.There was an English side as well as an American side. The point was to show us the different views of each side, and help us realize that it was more of a misunderstanding rather than England wanting to take all control, and America wanting to break away from England. I think that one of the biggest misconceptions most people get from these different acts that eventually led to the revolution, was that America wanted to separate from England. However, this wasn’t the case. America actually wanted to stay a part of the English Empire.America and England just could never see eye to eye, for example how each of them saw America’s representation. This letter helped me better understand why this all these small acts eventually led up to the American revol ution. It made me realize that a lot of history is bias. Usually people only hear or read about one side of things and don’t really think about listening to the other side. To really understand history and better understand why something happened the way it did, it’s better to study each side of it.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Delegation

Delegation 2 Let’s start by explaining what delegation is, this is the process in which you assign important task to other employees. In doing this process as a manager you must 1) Identify the task that is to be accomplished, 2) Choose the right employee to complete the assignment, 3) give complete and concise directions, 4) The next step is to monitor the progress of the assignment, check back with your employees to see how things are going and to make sure deadlines are being kept. 5) Provide feedback in order for your employees to complete the task, as a manager you must provide feedback. This will assist the staff so that they know where they are at with there task. Delegation Process The delegation process at the corporation that I work for is as follows: The Chief executive officer decides what he wants to see happen. then that would flow to the Vice President of Operations which would pass this information to all departments such as the Human Resource Director , the Information Technology’s department. This information would then be passed to the Administrators at that district level. The Administrator would then meet with his department heads and discuss the changes that would need to take place. He would speak to the Account Managers, the Director of Nursing and Business Office Manager. The Account Managers are the Marketing representatives for the company. If the information has anything to do with the physicians, hospitals, or assisted living facilities they are responsible for taking the new information to them and explaining to them how things are going to change. The Director of Nursing and the Business office manager would decide who would need to know about this information. We would then discuss who would be best suited to receive this information and we would start to make plans on who we would delegate each assignment to. Lets start with the Director of Nursing she has eight ... Free Essays on Delegation Free Essays on Delegation Delegation 2 Let’s start by explaining what delegation is, this is the process in which you assign important task to other employees. In doing this process as a manager you must 1) Identify the task that is to be accomplished, 2) Choose the right employee to complete the assignment, 3) give complete and concise directions, 4) The next step is to monitor the progress of the assignment, check back with your employees to see how things are going and to make sure deadlines are being kept. 5) Provide feedback in order for your employees to complete the task, as a manager you must provide feedback. This will assist the staff so that they know where they are at with there task. Delegation Process The delegation process at the corporation that I work for is as follows: The Chief executive officer decides what he wants to see happen. then that would flow to the Vice President of Operations which would pass this information to all departments such as the Human Resource Director , the Information Technology’s department. This information would then be passed to the Administrators at that district level. The Administrator would then meet with his department heads and discuss the changes that would need to take place. He would speak to the Account Managers, the Director of Nursing and Business Office Manager. The Account Managers are the Marketing representatives for the company. If the information has anything to do with the physicians, hospitals, or assisted living facilities they are responsible for taking the new information to them and explaining to them how things are going to change. The Director of Nursing and the Business office manager would decide who would need to know about this information. We would then discuss who would be best suited to receive this information and we would start to make plans on who we would delegate each assignment to. Lets start with the Director of Nursing she has eight ... Free Essays on Delegation Delegation 2 Let’s start by explaining what delegation is, this is the process in which you assign important task to other employees. In doing this process as a manager you must 1) Identify the task that is to be accomplished, 2) Choose the right employee to complete the assignment, 3) give complete and concise directions, 4) The next step is to monitor the progress of the assignment, check back with your employees to see how things are going and to make sure deadlines are being kept. 5) Provide feedback in order for your employees to complete the task, as a manager you must provide feedback. This will assist the staff so that they know where they are at with there task. Delegation Process The delegation process at the corporation that I work for is as follows: The Chief executive officer decides what he wants to see happen. then that would flow to the Vice President of Operations which would pass this information to all departments such as the Human Resource Director , the Information Technology’s department. This information would then be passed to the Administrators at that district level. The Administrator would then meet with his department heads and discuss the changes that would need to take place. He would speak to the Account Managers, the Director of Nursing and Business Office Manager. The Account Managers are the Marketing representatives for the company. If the information has anything to do with the physicians, hospitals, or assisted living facilities they are responsible for taking the new information to them and explaining to them how things are going to change. The Director of Nursing and the Business office manager would decide who would need to know about this information. We would then discuss who would be best suited to receive this information and we would start to make plans on who we would delegate each assignment to. Lets start with the Director of Nursing she has eight ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Textile Machines Essays - Moneda, Free Essays, Term Papers

Textile Machines Essays - Moneda, Free Essays, Term Papers Textile Machines MAQUINAS TEXTILES EQUIPOS AUXILIARES COSTOS DE CONSTRUCCION COSTOS DE MOBILIARIOS Y EQUIPOS DE OFICINA COSTOS MISCELNEOS Total maquinas y equipos 2960000 $ Equipos auxiliares 1400000 $ Edificio 2500000 $ Mobiliario y equipos de oficina 50000 $ Gastos iniciales 750000 $ Gastos de flete y seguro (7% FOB) 207200 $ Gastos de flete y seguro (7% FOB) 98000 $ Vialidad interna, pared perimetral, accesos 140000 $ Entrenamiento del personal 699600 $ Transito, transporte interior y gastos de almacenamiento (2% FOB) 59200 $ Transito, transporte interior y gastos de almacenamiento (2% FOB) 28000 $ Pozo profundo, torre de agua, drenajes 112000 $ Asistencia tcnica de la compaa E 200000 $ Gastos de instalacin de maquinaria 221704 $ Gastos de instalacin de equipos auxiliares 104860 $ Apartaderos ferroviarios 150000 $ Intereses del capital 323000 $ Gastos de aduanas (1,65% CIF) 52258.8 $ Gastos de aduana (1,65% CIF) 24717 $ Planos y diseos 250000 $ Total maquinarias 3500362.8 $ Total equipos auxiliares 1655577 $ Total costos de construccin 3152000 $ Total gastos de mobiliario y oficina 50000 $ Total costos miscelaneos 1972600 $ NOTA: NOTA: Precio FOB 2960000 $ Precio FOB 1400000 $ Precio CIF 3167200 $ Precio CIF 1498000 $ Total pagado en moneda local 155799 $ Total pagado en moneda local 1975000 $ Total pagado en Moneda local 40000 $ Total pagado en Moneda local 1108680 $ Total pagado en moneda extranjera 3344563 $ Total pagado en moneda extranjera 1177000 $ Total pagado en moneda extranjera 10000 $ Total pagado en moneda extranjera 863920 $ COSTOS FIJOS Total costos fijos = 10.330.539 $ Total moneda extranjera = 7.051.060 $ Total moneda local = 3.279.479 $ Materia prima Sueldos y salarios Contingencia (textiles)1400 ton de lana sin procesar (locales)(730 $ por ton) 1022000 $ 268 operarios masculinos 150000 $ 10 % del costo total de maquinarias y equipos y del costo de mobiliario y equipos de oficina 670236.28 $ 100 ton de lana sin procesar (importadas)(2800 $ por ton) 2800000 $ 444 operarios femeninos 222000 $ 42 ton sobrantes de lana (locales)(1150 $ por ton) 48300 $ 18 supervisores 24000 $ 48 ton de fibras artificiales y sinteticas (importadas)(640 $ por ton) 30720 $ 44 tecnicos 88000 $ 425 ton de lana (importada) 1700000 $ 45 administrativos y personal de servicios 99000 $ (Productos qumicos)350 ton importadas de colorantes y otros productos qumicos. 220000 $ Beneficios sociales 116600 $ Total Precio FOB materia prima 5.821.020 $ Total gastos de sueldos y salarios 699600 $ Total en gastos de contingencia 670236.28 $ Gastos de flete y seguro 407471.4 $ Transito transporte interior y gastos de almacenamiento 116420.4 $ Gastos de aduana 102770 $ Gasto total en materia prima 6447681.8 $ Precio CIF 6228491.4 $ Total pagado en moneda extranjera 6228491.4 $ Total pagado en moneda extranjera 59080 $ Total pagado en moneda extranjera 670236.28 $ Total pagado en moneda local 219190.4 $ Total pagado en moneda local 640520 $ Total pagado en moneda local CAPITAL DE TRABAJO Inversin Moneda extranjera Moneda nacional Total Capital fijo 7.051.060 $ 3.279.479 $ 10.330.539 $ Capital de trabajo 6.957.807.68 $ 859.710.4 $ 7.817.518.08 $ Bibliography MAQUINAS TEXTILES EQUIPOS AUXILIARES COSTOS DE CONSTRUCCION COSTOS DE MOBILIARIOS Y EQUIPOS DE OFICINA COSTOS MISCELNEOS Total maquinas y equipos 2960000 $ Equipos auxiliares 1400000 $ Edificio 2500000 $ Mobiliario y equipos de oficina 50000 $ Gastos iniciales 750000 $ Gastos de flete y seguro (7% FOB) 207200 $ Gastos de flete y seguro (7% FOB) 98000 $ Vialidad interna, pared perimetral, accesos 140000 $ Entrenamiento del personal 699600 $ Transito, transporte interior y gastos de almacenamiento (2% FOB) 59200 $ Transito, transporte interior y gastos de almacenamiento (2% FOB) 28000 $ Pozo profundo, torre de agua, drenajes 112000 $ Asistencia tcnica de la compaa E 200000 $ Gastos de instalacin de maquinaria 221704 $ Gastos de instalacin de equipos auxiliares 104860 $ Apartaderos ferroviarios 150000 $ Intereses del capital 323000 $ Gastos de aduanas (1,65% CIF) 52258.8 $ Gastos de aduana (1,65% CIF) 24717 $ Planos y diseos 250000 $ Total maquinarias 3500362.8 $ Total equipos auxiliares 1655577 $ Total costos de construccin 3152000 $ Total gastos de mobiliario y oficina 50000 $ Total costos miscelaneos 1972600 $ NOTA: NOTA: Precio FOB 2960000 $ Precio FOB 1400000 $ Precio CIF 3167200 $ Precio CIF 1498000 $ Total pagado en moneda local 155799 $ Total pagado

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Osmosis Definition in Chemistry and Biology

Osmosis Definition in Chemistry and Biology Two important mass transport processes in chemistry and biology are diffusion and osmosis. Osmosis Definition Osmosis is the process where solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated solution (which becomes more dilute). In most cases, the solvent is water. However, the solvent may be another liquid or even a gas. Osmosis can be made to do work. History The phenomenon of osmosis was first documents in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet. The term osmosis was coined by French physician  Renà © Joachim Henri Dutrochet, who derived it from the terms endosmose and exosmose. How Osmosis Works Osmosis acts to equalize concentration on both sides of a membrane. Since the solute particles are incapable of crossing the membrane, its the water (or other solvent) that needs to move. The closer the system gets to equilibrium, the more stable it becomes, so osmosis is thermodynamically favorable. Example of Osmosis A good example of osmosis is seen when red blood cells are placed into fresh water. The cell membrane of the red blood cells is a semipermeable membrane. The concentration of ions and other solute molecules is higher inside the cell than outside it, so water moves into the cell via osmosis. This causes the cells to swell. Since the concentration cannot reach equilibrium, the amount of water that can move into the cell is moderated by the pressure of the cell membrane acting on the contents of the cell. Often, the cell takes in more water than the membrane can sustain, causing the cell to burst. A related term is osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the external pressure that would need to be applied such that there would be no net movement of solvent across a membrane.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Sex Trafficking in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sex Trafficking in America - Essay Example This paper is an attempt to, briefly, explore, and understand the extent and depth of sex trafficking within the United States, the actions taken by the government to combat this problem and the way forward. Discussion Significant here to note is that almost all the statistics regarding this trafficking are unreliable and incomplete because many of these activities are taking place off the grid and underground. However, some statistics indicate that at least 0.1 million and as much as 0.3 million children within the United States are victims of sex trafficking within the country. During the past few months, many US states have passed legislation considering the increasing seriousness of this problem. The State of Virginia, during the first week of May 2012, passed new anti-human trafficking laws. It was on April 5, 2012, that Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the legislation, which criminalized human trafficking within West Virginia thus effectively making it the 49th state to pass an ti-human trafficking laws, with only Wyoming left as the only state in the absence of any anti-human trafficking laws. Earlier in November 2011, Massachusetts became the 48th state pass such legislation according to which the pimps and other running brothels and forcing women and children into labor and sexual exploitation would receive life imprisonment. Furthermore, the law would also treat the women and children forced into prostitution as victims rather than offenders. In the aftermath of the report, which indicated, that every year over 1000 US-born children are forced into sex trade and more than 800 immigrants become the victim for trafficking in the state of Ohio, the policymakers in the state created an anti-human trafficking task force. However, human rights activists and NGOs still believe that US has a lot to do to protect the victims of sex trafficking and discourage such events from happening in the near future. Even today, USA is a tier 1 country for trafficking that means that the government is only meeting the minimum requirements to solve the problem. Furthermore, unlike Massachusetts in many other states, the trafficking laws and law enforcement agencies, rather than providing relief to the victims consider them as the offenders. More importantly, these people, even when freed from sexual exploitation and bonded labour, these people have to face the social stigma associated with their past lives. They fail to become well functioning members of the society because the authorities refuse to clear their records. On top of it, even if they try to become a part of the society, multiple arrests, incarceration, housing discrimination, employment discrimination, deportation and presence of a criminal record prevent them from doing so. Furthermore, many states have also failed to include safe harbor clauses into the anti-trafficking laws to protect the minors, eliminate their liability, and recognize them as victims.

Joural 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Joural 1 - Research Paper Example Voice overs or lectures were used as the common mode of giving the motion pictures substance and for increasing theatrical effect for the audiences. Through the study of various journals and documentary evidence, Silent era cinema can be insightful into the evolution of cinema in America and the world. Eadweard Muybridge is touted as the pioneer of motion pictures when he introduced series photography, which is cited as a significant contribution to the development of motion pictures. The Lumiere brothers invented the Cinematographe, which was filming device for shooting, projecting and printing motion pictures (Musser 59). Thus, these two individuals are credited for being the true fathers of cinema. The first films were referred to as ‘actualities’ maybe because of their depiction of the real life events that portrayed a semblance of reality to their audience. The use of the Lumiere Brothers’ invention made it possible for films to be exhibited to large audiences and for commercial purposes (Wasko 64). This led to the establishment of film companies and notable among them was the Edison Film Company that existed from 1893 to 1906. Early films from the Edison Company include Exiting the Factory, Arrival of a Train at La Ciota and Baby’s Lunch. Early wer e shots of everyday life activities and experiences, which run for less a minute and no more than 3 minutes to audiences mostly on shop front exhibitions (Everson 69). The emergence of the acting business is attributed to Edison through his films like Blacksmithing Scene, Three American Beauties and The Gay Shoe Clerk. These films were acted people who purposely participated in the film making exercise to earn an income out of their ability to produce desired outcomes for their intended audience. Another significant aspect of the Silent era of cinema is that it was mainly based in New York unlike today’s film industry that is predominantly based in Hollywood, California

Friday, October 18, 2019

Proffecional report on ethical behavior and unethical behavior Assignment

Proffecional report on ethical behavior and unethical behavior articles - Assignment Example It studies what factors make the system ethical or unethical. It also aims to highlight the issues which prevail in the society and how they are effecting the environment and system of any nation. The Global business standard code is a code of conduct based on code of ethics. It helps to understand the regulation of any system internally and externally on ethical laws and codes. It is a principle of 8 codes which focus on responsible practice of ethics in any system. It’s not a one sided plan; but a complete code which applies on both authorities and underworkers. Evaluation and Assessment of the Article Article 1 summery (unethical) The Dowager Queen of Belgium is reported to have evaded 70% of bereavement duties by channeling the finances to her relations through a foundation. The Queen, Fabiola, has been getting an annual public reward from Belgium from the time when the King Baudouin, her spouse, passed away in 1993. The unpleasant incident now causes upheaval given the cu rrent economic state of the bulk of European nations. Like the majority of European states, Belgium has laid down plans underway to cut back on public spending and monarchs within the European states have been criticized for their copious public expenditure. The Queen insists that she wasn’t placing publicly funded payment within the charity. She said that fund â€Å"would only include her private money.† She further claimed that the lone costs that were covered by the payment were housekeeping costs, together with salaries. Belgium wants to cut the annual stipend of Queen Fabiola after political leaders learned she had put up a private charity to provide for her nephews and nieces and for her preferred Catholic foundations after her demise. Premier Elio Di Rupo had told MPs he sought to cut the sum to â‚ ¬923,000 (?776,000) back from â‚ ¬1.4 million (?1.18m). As the only widow of the late King Baudouin – a dedicated Catholic who in 1990 did step aside pro visionally to steer clear of signing the nation's abortion bill – insists the cash came from assets inherited from her Hispanic family. The 84-year-old at the moment maintains that she has had to dissolve the charitable vehicle set up in September that let her to forward monies. The surfacing of the plan not many weeks ago aggravated rare fury in both political and media circles in Belgium and has hit the realm to its foundations. The Property Principle and The Citizenship Principle were not respected by the monarch in her dealings with the state. Evaluation over GBS codex: This is an unethical article over the realities of the story when we see it as a system; evaluating it over Global Business Standards Codes we can classify it as an unethical one. Out of eight components of GBS codes which fit over the story are first The Transparency Principle and Fiduciary principle because being the Queen she has the duty to do charity and help poor whereas it has been reported about he r that she had been ignoring about 70% of the bereavement duties she is supposed to do. She furthermore had been controlling and channelizing the finances to a foundation she made and didn’t announce publicly; which basically is going to benefit her own relatives. All this tells that she had been ignoring the Transparency and Fiduciary principles according to GBS codex. The Queen Fabiola has an annual

Safety of pedestrians and bicycles Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Safety of pedestrians and bicycles - Term Paper Example Over the period of last 20 years, these countries have taken some major steps to ensure safety like better facilities, better urban planning and traffic education for all those who use the road, be it pedestrian, cyclist or motor driven. The implementation of road safety laws has played a key role in this statistic. Other countries may imply the very same rules and models applied in Europe to have a better safety record for the coming future where more highways and road networks will be established for all kinds of commuters (Pucher, 2000). Introduction In the modern era; where fast cars, busses and sub-ways swell our urban and sub-urban lifestyle, people still prefer simple means to travel which includes the earliest mode of travel which is â€Å"walking† and a the use of two-wheel un-powered vehicle known as the bicycle. This trend has recently increased, especially in the metro-cities due to the limitation of traveling in powered vehicles. Some of the problems include parki ng space, fuel cost and taxes. The increase in technology has made sure that a network of roads and highway is established due to the nature and speed requirements of the motorists. This very fact has made modern urban planners to think about the safety of pedestrians and cyclists traveling on the road; especially the ones which they share with high speed cars, busses and other engine driven vehicles. This report helps in understanding the very danger faced by pedestrians and the people saving fuel on bicycles. The safety precautions taken by states and other agencies involved in the welfare of people on the road, be it any mode of travel. The report gives an insight of the future of pedestrian and bicycle riders with respect to change in historical terms or accident avoidance and self education of the people using highways and roads. Trends in Walking and Cycling The 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) shows us that the trips taken on foot were around 11 percent of all the trips reported where as trips on bicycle were recorded to a bare 1 percent. This accounts for a total of 12 percent. Although these stats do not show a healthy sign, but in comparison to the stats in 2001, show n increase of 25 percent overall. The total number for commuters on foot has almost doubled from 18 billion in 1990 to 24.5 billion in 2009. A similar trend was noticed in the area of bikes, where the numbers rose from 1.7 billion to 4 billion in the same time frame. Still, the required numbers in ratio with the current population are not being met to reduce engine driven vehicle related issues on a daily basis (Clifton, 2004). The method of data collection for reaching these trends has also turned into an efficient system by replacing the old system. The use of telephone to carry out the survey was later replaced by recovering data from travel logs. The National Household Travel Survey included another key assessment for calculating the number of people walking or riding a bicycle in a prescribed time frame. The survey asked people about the number of

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Precessing Vortex Core Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Precessing Vortex Core - Literature review Example While this appears to be an indication of perpetuated turbulence in fluid flow, experimental results have shown that the vortex tends to adapt to the force causing the spiral flow [10]. Fig 1: Precession of the vortex tending towards the equilibrium Fluid Flow in the Precessing Vortex Core Perhaps, it is on the basis of this tendency of vortex precession that the concept of swirl flow stabilization was developed for turbines. The precessing vortex core (PVC) has been defined by [14] as â€Å"...a three-dimensional time-dependent coherent structure developed in the exhaust nozzle of many swirl devices...† p. 147. Some of the challenges faced in adopting the concept of precessing vortex core point at the significance of the geometry of the combustor (for gaseous flow) as well as the instabilities in the thermo-acoustic. These are noted by [2] as significant sources of losses in stabilization process. According to [3], â€Å"...a precessing vortex core can be a source that drive s combustion instability† (p.1) and may lead to obvious undesirable results. This overshadows the beneficial effect of precessing vortex core sought for in a chamber such as an improved mixing of the fuel and air as well as stabilization of the flow. From the observation, the precessing vortex core can be linked to flow instabilities [3]. This was demonstrated by the interactions among the zones of recirculation during the flow process. Therefore, by considering the intricacies of precessing vortex core, research continues to expose the need for successful prediction of the mechanism and physics of flow stabilization. In such cases, efforts have been made to set up simulations that would properly model the speed of the flow propagation. This has been used by [3] to determine, with near precision, the exact position at which the flow propagation speed equalled the velocity of the incident flow at that very point of flow. From this simulation, it was expected that the turbulence at the base of the flow would enhance the speed of propagation of the flow. However, the investigation failed to simulate the desirable flow base structure that would give such results. This could be attributed to the challenge of flow stabilization that is attributed to the precessing vortex core. As such, to better understand the precessing vortex core and its effect on the fluid flow in swirl models used in fluid flow experiments, complications in swirl flow propagation models offer a good guideline [4]. Studies of the PVC are mainly done with reference to the operation of a gas turbine. Gas turbine models in such experiments were made to operate on lean combustion mixture that is premixed before injection in the fluid flow chamber of the turbine. These experiments have shown that introducing this premixed mixture in a swirl into the vortex is helpful in aerodynamic stabilization of the highly turbulent flows in the fluid flow chamber [4]. Fig 2: The view of the swirler (the out er and inner views) [4] At the core of the vortex, is a vortex line around which, every particle introduced into the chamber circulates. This results in the recirculation of the combusting mixture. This is because of the low pressure zone created by the circulating fluids. Experimental approaches have been developed to characterize structures of swirl generators. It is shown by these experiments that structural forms, flow interaction, and shape of the vortex play a role in precessing vortex

A Quantitative Critique for Predictors for NCLEX Success in Nursing Essay

A Quantitative Critique for Predictors for NCLEX Success in Nursing Students - Essay Example The purpose of the following study is to examine the correlation between the NCLEX success and scores of the NET and PreRN examination scores. NCLEX-RN is a national multiple choice exam overseen and administered by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. It was first introduced in 1982 as a paper-and-pen two-day exam to a computer-adaptive test in 1994 which is also the present test form. TM was introduced in 1997 there are not many similar studies therefore. According to Rubino (1998) there exists a correlation between NCLEX success and NET scores. Among others, according to the Alexander and Brophy (1997) study the firmest predictors of NCLEX success were SAT verbal scores, nursing grade point average (GPA) and National League for Nursing (NLN) Comprehensive Achievement Test scores. Another study by Barkley, Rhodes and DuFur (1998) detect a bond between on standardized test scores and NCLEX, while Beeson and Kissling (2001), Briscoe and Anema (19999), Endres (1997), Swenty (1998), Wescott (1997) employed academic and non-academic variables for their stidoes: the Mosby Assess Test, NLN Achievement Tests, RN Entr ance Examination and ACT. These former content a high GPA is a predictor of success in nursing courses, and above the average scores on standardized tests were predictors of success on the NCLEX exam. Finally the study by Beeman and Waterhouse (2001) suggest that the results of NCLEX could be accurately via available student data. Study Framework, Research Objective and Study Design A drop in NCLEX-RN scores in 1997 led to exploration of failures rates and finding ways to overcome these. Defining predictors of NCLEX-RN such are the Nurse Entrance Test (NET) and Pre-RN exams of the Educational Resources, Inc. (ERI) and part of the Total Testing (TM) package. Total Testing is a monitoring technique held during the course of study and aims to increase NCLEX success evaluating student diverse performance under diverse conditions. The study at hand utilized for the purpose of the paper is a correlational comparative study utilizing the formerly mentioned NET and Pre-RN exams to answers the following questions: Is Pre-RN is the proper tool for NCLEX-RN success rate forecast Is NET is the proper tool for entrance to a nursing school program Are both Pre-RN and NET are predictors to successful performance on the NCLEX-RN exam Variables Analysis was performed using descriptive statistics with inferential statistics employing strength of relations between the measured variables, difference between groups' means, and confidence interval in a two-tailed test (Sayles, 2003). Demographic variables are used as independent along with average point and other marks, grade point average, ACT and additional test scores, taken courses and work experience. Sample, Population and Setting The studied sampled included the senior 83 students of an Associate in Nursing Degree Program (AND) and was held in 2001. (Sayles, 2003) with 78 students graduating and 68 of them taking the test for the first time. Data were obtained by university records and records form the nursing college and were divided in four categories of demographic data, applications to nursing courses, NET and Pre-RN data and the NCLEX results. The analysis and correlation

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Precessing Vortex Core Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Precessing Vortex Core - Literature review Example While this appears to be an indication of perpetuated turbulence in fluid flow, experimental results have shown that the vortex tends to adapt to the force causing the spiral flow [10]. Fig 1: Precession of the vortex tending towards the equilibrium Fluid Flow in the Precessing Vortex Core Perhaps, it is on the basis of this tendency of vortex precession that the concept of swirl flow stabilization was developed for turbines. The precessing vortex core (PVC) has been defined by [14] as â€Å"...a three-dimensional time-dependent coherent structure developed in the exhaust nozzle of many swirl devices...† p. 147. Some of the challenges faced in adopting the concept of precessing vortex core point at the significance of the geometry of the combustor (for gaseous flow) as well as the instabilities in the thermo-acoustic. These are noted by [2] as significant sources of losses in stabilization process. According to [3], â€Å"...a precessing vortex core can be a source that drive s combustion instability† (p.1) and may lead to obvious undesirable results. This overshadows the beneficial effect of precessing vortex core sought for in a chamber such as an improved mixing of the fuel and air as well as stabilization of the flow. From the observation, the precessing vortex core can be linked to flow instabilities [3]. This was demonstrated by the interactions among the zones of recirculation during the flow process. Therefore, by considering the intricacies of precessing vortex core, research continues to expose the need for successful prediction of the mechanism and physics of flow stabilization. In such cases, efforts have been made to set up simulations that would properly model the speed of the flow propagation. This has been used by [3] to determine, with near precision, the exact position at which the flow propagation speed equalled the velocity of the incident flow at that very point of flow. From this simulation, it was expected that the turbulence at the base of the flow would enhance the speed of propagation of the flow. However, the investigation failed to simulate the desirable flow base structure that would give such results. This could be attributed to the challenge of flow stabilization that is attributed to the precessing vortex core. As such, to better understand the precessing vortex core and its effect on the fluid flow in swirl models used in fluid flow experiments, complications in swirl flow propagation models offer a good guideline [4]. Studies of the PVC are mainly done with reference to the operation of a gas turbine. Gas turbine models in such experiments were made to operate on lean combustion mixture that is premixed before injection in the fluid flow chamber of the turbine. These experiments have shown that introducing this premixed mixture in a swirl into the vortex is helpful in aerodynamic stabilization of the highly turbulent flows in the fluid flow chamber [4]. Fig 2: The view of the swirler (the out er and inner views) [4] At the core of the vortex, is a vortex line around which, every particle introduced into the chamber circulates. This results in the recirculation of the combusting mixture. This is because of the low pressure zone created by the circulating fluids. Experimental approaches have been developed to characterize structures of swirl generators. It is shown by these experiments that structural forms, flow interaction, and shape of the vortex play a role in precessing vortex

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Faculty of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Faculty of management - Essay Example According to her, Canadian businesses have stagnant growth because they not only lack resources but they have also not enough motivation for growth. Canadian Banks have conservative notions about businesses that discourage people to be creative. She nevertheless thinks that some of the government initiatives like Canada Export Development and Sustainable development Technologies have encouraged businesses to exploit new opportunities of growth in emerging economies. I agree with Allen that businesses must innovate to compete and expand. But at the same time, government must create facilitating environment for growth. In the current environment of advancing technology and globalization, business has become highly competitive. Moreover, process of globalization has changed the dynamics of global business. Emerging markets of South East Asia, Middle East and BRIC countries offer huge potential for businesses. They are high growth markets with high income where demand for new product can be easily created (Hook, 2001). This is a very important factor that must be exploited by the business community. Growth of business contributes to the growth and development of nations. Thus, it becomes imperative that businesses must constantly make efforts to expand and grow. R&D facilities promote innovation of ideas, new product development and innovation in business processes for greater productivity. Furthermore, innovative approach and resource based strategy provide the firms with unique value creating capabilities that give them distinct advantage against their rivals. As such, they emerge as critical elem ents that facilitate businesses to compete successfully and grow even in adverse circumstances (Coombe and Georghiou, 2002). Indeed, government initiatives are major incentives for businesses to look for new opportunities and motivate them for diversifying their interests. But unless and until they are backed by conducive environment of growth,

Monday, October 14, 2019

Managing and Developing People (Developing People) Essay Example for Free

Managing and Developing People (Developing People) Essay Introduction In this assignment I will be interviewing a member asking for their past experience for undergoing a training programme. I will be researching closely upon aspects * The need for the individual to be on the training programme? * Training method used? * What the cost was? * Any obstacles which made it difficult? These aspects would make the findings for knowing why the member took the training programme and if they gained any skills or knowledge when on the programme. Alongside with what troubles arose when carrying out the training. Interviewee Description The member which I will be interviewing is a 26 year old female called Miss Georgina McDonald who is smart and civilised. She is hard working and likes to socialise with peers and friends. She is able meet deadlines and able to work under pressure when a great load of work is put upon her. The work which Miss Georgina McDonald would train for would be to use the cash machine at Asda. Miss Georgina has had previous skill from her last job where she had to cash up all the finances of her fathers business on a daily basis. She has good numeric qualifications in which will benefit her for any job. Job Role In Miss Georginas previous job she had to cash up all the money which was done in her fathers business and had to input the tight figures so that it couldnt affect the accounts for the business. Her father had made her do the financing as she had the qualifications for maths and was able to count up properly. In Asda the job role which she would want to do is being at the cashing machine as this is one of the good things she is capable of doing. Identifying Reason for being on Training Programme The environment in which everyone does business in is changing constantly, the knowledge and skill needed for the job will also change. The individual to be on the training programme is so she can improve her skill on how to work on the cash machine. Training for using the cash machine is very essential as proper calculations are compulsory. Asda wants to make sure that who ever work in the cashier section is well trained and have no problems being able to carry out tasks on how to manage the cashier. This is taken as one of the important parts in a business as finances can not go wrong. Asda pushes on getting the individual well trained to be able to manage any troubles caused by being able to find out where she has gone wrong. All this matters in training and what they should be taught, what they need to collect how much, they need to give and if they go wrong somewhere how they can cover it. Miss Georgina was given the training as she did not have any cashier skills which would guide her alongside with the job. She had to be given a good level of training so that she could manage a till properly. Miss Georgina had been given the training because she knew without any previous skill or knowledge she would not be able to run a till. There were appraisals with Miss Georgina which helped her with the running and to tell her of any mistakes she was making and setting out objectives for the next appraisal. Description of Training Method For the individual to be on a training programme is so they can handle the work place more efficiently and work with what ever they have been given with best of ability. Usually young people who have left or still studying go on training programmes as it gives them the knowledge and motivation in life. Training methods come useful in the future as it shows what the individual has achieved and what they can offer to the business. Training comes in different form for e.g. * Induction An induction usually is the best way for people getting involved into activities in a new environment. This helps them to know the new place and be familiar with the others. This helps peoples confidence and be able to communicate with members. In Asda it is essential to give a new comer an Induction this is so that they would get familiar with any health and safety aspects and know where any fire exits are located. In many cases induction days are taken so that individuals can get to know the workforce which they in. This helps build confidence and gain a good communication. * Job Shadowing This training method is known as an activity which many organisation make employees do when doing a task. This activity can make an individual carry out a task and make them improve on in by someone senior watching or they could do the task by their own skill and be told what they could do better from improving the method. Asda would not use a job shadow to know what the member is capable of doing and how they would increase the skill by telling them what to do. * Mentoring This method helps individuals to carry out an activity with a senior teaching it. It helps individuals know where they are going wrong and how they can improve it. This helps the individual do the job from its existing skill and if they do it different then expected it would be corrected. Mentoring is a good way of identifying the individuals capability of doing a task and how they can do it. If a senior is to show them how to use a cash machine they would get to know what the functions are for. This method will be appropriate for Asda to do on the individual. * On the Job Training Many businesses usually use the method of training the individual at the work place. This is so that they can work with the resources the have there and also start off with using equipment they have to offer. The trainee is ready to undergo any task at the workplace immediately. When working on the job it is also an advantage to get feedback straight away rather then carrying out a task then being told later on. When the mentoring is done it is possible for the member to get on the job training so that they can work on the equipment at the work place. It is more of a benefit to get training in the real life rather then going somewhere and spending time there. If the member is able to carry the task and get training at the same time this would be less time consuming and not costly at all. * Off the Job Many businesses tend to send there trainees off to another place to learn how to carry out tasks. Resources are used which they offer there and they use them to carry the task. Off the job training also consists of sending an individual off to do a course which they learn at a college or university. Off the job training is worth doing at Asda as this could make the individual gain more experience and skill and carry out the task efficiently. Many times Asda does not send employees on off the job training as this is costly and time consuming. Identifying Training Needs for Trainee The reason for Miss Georgina to be on the training programme is so that she can increase on her productivity for what she is good at. This would make her efficient and comfortable in carrying out a day to day activity. The training needs which will benefit Miss Georgina would be Higher Productivity Efficiency Confident in Numeric Have a high level of Motivation Good future opportunity The reason why Miss Georgina has to be given this training programme is so that she could gain more knowledge on what she is good at. Miss Georgina is not fully qualified and understands the misuse of inappropriate use of calculations, this is why she has been given the opportunity to go on a training programme which she can touch up on and make sure that she dont make silly mistakes. Strength and Weakness The strengths for using the training method on the job training will be a strength as it will help the individual to get a better view of the organisation and who they will working with. This is an advantage because it increases confidence and able to socialise with piers. It builds a family environment when doing this aspect because before they can come in to the real job they would have made friends already. For carrying out an OJT this is a way which the member can increase in skills and be able to forward their knowledge to someone else. Advantages of On The Job Training * Training can be delivered at the optimum time, this means it can immediately perform the task any time in the real world. * The trainee will have the opportunity to practise immediately * Immediate feedback will be provided * Training is delivered to trainee from senior who can integrate the trainee in a team. The Weaknesses in a business will always be the time consuming which effects the running as this is a crucial time in a business. If training programmes are made long it will also effect the costing. A weakness for training a member is that after getting the training from somewhere they usually head off some where better. The weaknesses which Asda could face are Disadvantages for On the Job Training * Too much training can be delivered in one session causing of information overload. * The trainer may not have the right skill and knowledge to teach the trainee with. * If immediate practise is not accompanied by feedback the trainee can feel abandoned after the initial experience. Benefit and Costs for Training The costs for training the individual at Asda will cost nothing as it will be carried out on the job, meaning what every training the member will get will be done in Asda. The reason for this is that it will not cost at all and the individual will be able to stay on the premises that wont need to go off some where else. The benefit for doing this training will be so that the member can increase their knowledge by doing it efficiently and also if they have the opportunity to get promoted they could be able to handle a sector in Asda. The benefit for members to have a training programme is so that they can increase their skills and knowledge in any task they have been specified, also carrying out tasks more efficiently and in a short amount of time. By giving training it helps individuals to cut down on mistakes and blunders made by them. By training it can help health hazards reducing hazards being encountered at the work place. The costs for having training are the cost of materials which may be needed for the process and also the time needed by the members which will be issuing the programme. For training to be carried out it takes up a great deal of time for the leader as they have to make sure what they are teaching the member is relevant to the programme specified. It is also costly when setting up the resources for using on the training area and time is needed for when doing the training. Obstacles for Training Training can be seen in different ways, firstly, the management of the company might see it as a way of making the company more efficient, as well as teaching important skills to employees in order to improve performance. At the same time it can be seen as a way of rewarding hardworking employees with a different environment for a short period of time. On the other hand, employees might look back on their last training session, still trying to work out what exactly it was they learnt from the experience, but nevertheless having enjoyed the change of scenery but hating the pile of work that greeted them on their return. If training is implemented correctly it can bring back great rewards such as greater workplace efficiency, specialised skills and knowledge as well as employee satisfaction. Finally remember that depending on how training is done, it can be very productive and useful or a complete waste of time and money, it can bring teams together or split them apart.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

compare and contrast comic heros with mythology :: essays research papers

Compare and contrast comic book hero’s with mythology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comic book heroes and mythological creatures have a lot of differences, and a lot of similarities. They can be huge differences, or small ones. Either way, they’re both different in some ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some differences between comic book heroes and mythology ones are that there was a possibility that the mythological creatures actually lived. Unlike comic book ones, they’re all made up stories that seem to attract kids into reading them. One way that they do it is by making it exciting so it seems like they really lived. Another difference is that all the comic book hero’s have abnormal powers like laser eyes. However, the mythological creatures don’t have abnormal powers, but they do in some way look abnormal. For example, Argos the hundred-eyed monster, and the Minotaur. Both of these can be considered heroes in some way, but to other people, they weren’t really anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other than the differences between both of them, they do have similarities too. One similarity that first pops up in my mind is that they must be good people. Cause who would consider a bad guy a hero? Other than that, another similarity between both of them are that they’re abnormal in some way. An example from a comic book is Super-Man; He has super strength that allows him to move heavy objects. Now an example from mythology, Hermes, the messenger of the gods, had such swift moving feet that he could deliver messages in minutes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To conclude, I think that there’s a huge difference between these 2 kinds of hero’s. The comic book heroes are fictional of course because they’re hand drawn images.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

NHS Balanced scorecard Essay -- British Health Care, Politics

This part of the assignment will discuss balanced scorecard that has been implemented by UK National Health Service (NHS), how it has influenced and impacted upon the performance measures of this organisation. ‘Since its launch in 1948, the NHS has grown to become the world’s largest publicly funded health service. NHS employs more than 1.7m people and deals on average with 1m patients every 36 hours. It is also one of the most efficient, most egalitarian and most comprehensive. Even though NHS services in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are managed separately and each might have some system differences, they remain similar in most respects and belong to a single, unified system. The NHS core principle is that good healthcare should be available to all, regardless of wealth.’ (NHS, 2010) Success of NHS depends on how well the organisation balance quality and customer (patient) satisfaction with adequate financing and long-range goals. Health care organisations such as NHS must deal with government oversight, managed care, new technologies, and increasing pharmaceutical prices. The NHS has adopted a performance measurement system that is based on the concept of balanced scorecard in order to obtain a broader view of performance within the organisation (Department of Health, 2001). Although, measuring performance evaluation of health care system could be difficult, it can on the other hand serve several purposes and can help facilitate change and improvements in the effectiveness and quality of health care. It seems peculiar to focus on performance measures in organisation such as NHS, but even NHS is facing increasing competitive pressures when considering ageing populations increasing demand, improved treatment... ...t in public/patient accountability, service efficiency and staff involvement to a highly prominent level. Government has developed ‘Star Ratings’ system which monitors improvements in accountability measures. The experience of the ‘Star Ratings’ system in respect of service efficiency indicates that it is prudent to act pro-actively rather than re-actively. It is vital to consider that the Government is expecting demonstrable improvements in health services rather than rhetoric alone (Radnor and Lovell, 2003). ‘Though it is intricate to demonstrably prove in quantitative terms that the balanced scorecard can deliver efficiency improvements at the start of its implementation, it can be shown in quantitative terms that a well designed fully cascaded balanced scorecard system should address the needs of a health care system. ’ (Radnor and Lovell, 2003, p. 105)

Friday, October 11, 2019

Amanda Bynes Psychological Perspective Essay

The popular child star, Amanda Bynes, has recently gone through a wild child phase, as seen by committing several federal crimes, such as hitting and running, driving under the influence, and using illegal drugs. Bynes has recently been diagnosed with both Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder. Finally, after several outrageous months, Bynes was, â€Å"placed under an involuntary hold,† known as the 5150 psychiatric hold, in Los Angeles, California. The UCLA Medical Center came to a conclusion and diagnosed Amanda Bynes with both, a bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Bynes’ disorder can be applicable based on several different perspectives such as the biological, and the social cognitive. Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder in which the person is categorized as having disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions, disorganized, and delusional thoughts. Schizophrenia occurs due to dopamine over activity in the brain, biological predisposition, an d environmental stresses when in the mother’s womb. Bynes biological, schizophrenic symptoms included hallucination, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and a sense that she was not truly part of the world. Bynes also suffers from a bipolar disorder that is also a genetic predisposition and is caused by three different brain chemicals, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, and abnormal brain circuit function. All the same, Schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders can be connected based on the dopamine chemical. On the other hand, the Freudian perspective believed that schizophrenia was truly several disorders, and was probably caused by the fact that the child did not successfully develop an attachment. Due to the fact that Bynes is actually diagnosed with more than one form of Schizophrenia, and with a bipolar disorder, Freud’s belief was right. All the same it is said that Bynes suffers a slight form of posttraumatic stress disorder after going through the pressures of stardom. Bynes never truly had parental figures as mentioned by a fox news source, â€Å"Amanda can’t make important decisions regarding her finances and welfare,† explained the source. â€Å"But her parents can’t either. Everything still needs  to go through Amanda lawyer and the judge.† The Neo-Freudian perspective believed much in the Freudian perspective, but placed a greater emphasize on childhood relationships. Based on the Neo-Freudian perspective the people who developed psychological disorders such as schizophrenia were love deprived. Based on Bynes’ history, the neo- Freudian perspective would apply based on the fact that she grew up on television without living a normal life and forming normal loving relationships. Growing up in the spotlight is not so easy, as portrayed by stars like Lindsey Lohan, Britney Spears, and Macaulay Culkin. The social cognitive perspective emphasizes this point. The social cognitive perspective emphasized the importa nce of how people process information, and how they apply that information when placed in a social environment. Based on research in both schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder we see how Bynes’ has a lack of social cognition. One of the symptoms that prove the social cognitive perspective is her need to be in a rehabilitation center due to the fact that she cannot be part of community. The behavior perspective suggests that all behaviors are learned. Based on the fact that Bynes grew up in stardom several celebrities went wild. Based on the behavior perspective Bynes’ paranoid schizophrenia could have also formed from all the paparazzi bombarding her. Existential psychology uses the study of phenomena, which are our feelings, relationships, thoughts ext. Existential psychology focuses on the inner conflicts a person, has based on confrontation with the world. All the same there are two existential dilemmas that include the balance between autonomy and connection, and the need to have a sense of self-security. For bipolar as well as schizophrenics existential psychology greatly affects the person. Before being admitted into rehab, Amanda Bynes was said to be suicidal, meaning that her thoughts on he r own existentialism were extremely low. All in all, we see how all of the six different perspective of Amanda Bynes’ can be of great use when diagnosing a psychological disorder.