Thesis About “the Effects of Curfew Hours Among Teenagers”

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY GEN.SAN MIGUEL ST. SANGANDAAN CALOOCAN CITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT â€Å"THE EFFECTS OF CURFEW HOURS AMONG TEENAGERS† A Research Paper presented to Professor E. Grafilo In partial fulfillment of the requirements in ENG122 RESEARCHER Hagos, Gioress Ocenar, Mary Joy Basihan, Jovy Tan, John Patrick Ramos, Jayson TABLE OF CONTENTS METHODOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.3 INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.5 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.9 TABULATIONS OF SURVEY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.13 ANALYSIS (GRAPHS) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.18 CONCLUSION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.25 RECOMMENDATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.28 BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦show more content†¦The popularity of curfews was not limited to large cities: in 1995, 73% of cities of more than 100,000 had curfews and by 1997, 80% of communities with populations greater than 30,000 had curfews (Juvenile Curfews and the Major Confusion over Minor Rights, 2005). A teen curfew is justified in many cities or municipalities as a simple method to not only reduce opportunities for teens to commit crimes but also to protect them from becoming crime victims themselves. The popularity of a nighttime curfew continues today with cities and towns all across the United States with juvenile curfew ordinances. What are Curfew Laws? Weve all had experience with curfews: as the teenager rushing out of the house, or as the parent calling out Be home by midnight! But in legal terms, curfews are more than just house rules that can result in a firm Youre grounded! if violated. Curfews are also laws that effectively prohibit or limit the right to be out in public at certain times, or in some cases, require businesses to close their doors during certain hours. There are three main types of curfew laws: juvenile curfew laws, emergency curfew laws, and business curfew laws. These are explained in more detail below. Juvenile Curfew Laws Juvenile curfew laws are typically enacted at the state and local level, and prohibit people of a certain age (usually under 18) from being in public or in a business establishment during certainShow MoreRelatedCrime and Curfew Laws3514 Words   |  15 Pages Perception of Selected Teenagers and their Parents Regarding the Juvenile curfew in Naga City, Camarines Sur (A Research Proposal) In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research Methodology Table of Contents I. Rationale and Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......... 1 I.1 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 I.2 Null Hypothesis/Assumption†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2 I.3 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Theoretical†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 I.4 SignificanceRead MoreMississippi River and Essay9274 Words   |  38 Pagesservice to a country and he gets wages for it and pays apart of wages as tax to the government is called work. Purpose and audience 1. What is the essay’s thesis? Why do you suppose it is never explicitly stated? Thesis-a woman who works all her life day and night is not regarded as work or not entitled for a death benefit. Thesis is not explicitly stated as it is not mentioned in the introduction part or in the conclusion part. 2. This essay appeared in ms magazine and other publicationsRead MoreMississippi River and Essay9263 Words   |  38 Pagesgives service to a country and he gets wages for it and pays apart of wages as tax to the government is called work. Purpose and audience 1. What is the essay’s thesis? Why do you suppose it is never explicitly stated? Thesis-a woman who works all her life day and night is not regarded as work or not entitled for a death benefit. Thesis is not explicitly stated as it is not mentioned in the introduction part or in the conclusion part. 2. This essay appeared in ms magazine and other publicationsRead MoreEffectiveness of Peace and Order Programs in a Barangay11307 Words   |  46 PagesRespectfully Yours, Lapada, Arthur Ibanez, Ronaldo Ruiz, Reymart Espinosa, Jeffrey Robert Ebrada, Armando Jr. RESEARCHER APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree in bachelor of Science in Criminology, this undergraduate thesis entitled: â€Å"The Effectiveness of Peace and order programs of Barangay 121, District 1, of Manila to the Safety and Protection of its residents† has been prepared and submitted by the following B.S. in Criminology students : Mr. Lapada, Arthur S.

Essay about Genetic Engineering A Major Advancement for...

As the Biochemist Isaac Asimov once said, The advancement of Genetic Engineering makes it quite conceivable that we will design our own evolutionary progress.† Scientists have always thought about new ways to progress through technology in our era, and in 1946, scientists discover that Genetic material from different viruses can be combined to form a new type of virus. This was a major discovery that trickles down to the modern era of Genetics. Current scientists have pioneered new ways to decode human DNA, beating the $3 billion government-run Genome project to its goal. Many people say that this method of life will go against the natural force of nature, but Genetic Engineering should be allowed because of the advances of technology it†¦show more content†¦Even if there is negative effects, Genetic Engineering brings advancements in research and technology. According to Wikipedia, because of genetic advancements, experiments such as expression studies can be carried out. This matters because it allows a scientist to see where and when proteins start to grow, and its production and growth is observed. And not only that, expression studies can also be used to identify bugs, or other infections in the human body. â€Å"†¦genetically engineered bacteria being investigated involve making the bacteria perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as cleaning up oil spills, carbon, and other toxic waste† (Wikipedia). This could practically solve toxic waste problems, because bacteria will multiply very fast, and if all of them will be programmed to clean up toxic waste, then there won’t be any left. And in addition, organisms can be genetically engineered to discover the function of certain genes (Wikipedia). Therefore, this will help discover the functions of certain genes, and then we would discover the different function. Technology is what pushes us ahead of all the other countries in the world, and if we stop it, we will lose our dominant status and lose the economic forward. Not only could genetic engineering help to advance in the technological field of science, it could also potentially provide cheap and nutritious food. There are many generations of genetically engineered crops.Show MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pages The engineering of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is entirely new, yet genetics, as a field of science, has fascinated mankind for over 2,000 years. Man has always tried to bend nature around his will through selective breeding and other forms of practical genetics. Today, scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in living organisms. 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Pain Assessment Patients Experiencing Pain- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePain Assessmentfor Indications of Patients Experiencing Pain. Answer: Indications of Patients Experiencing Pain, Causes and Impact of Pain Pain is a kind of body defense mechanism which shows that the individual is experiencing problems. Pain can be described as the personal sensation of hurt which is due to a noxious stimulus that signals cell and tissue damage and the responses involved in the protection of an organism (Finnerup, Attal, Haroutounian, McNicol, Baron, Dworkin, Gilron, Haanp, Hansson, Jensen Kamerman, 2015 p162). Pain can be as a result of injury or illness. Various indications show that an individual is experiencing pain. These signs are commonly referred to as responses to pain. There are physiological indications that are either sympathetic or parasympathetic, behavioral and affective responses. The physiologic sympathetic response is usually moderate and superficial which include high blood pressure, increased pulse rate, hyperventilation, pupil dilation, pallor, increased glucose, muscle tension, and rigidity. The physiologic parasympathetic response to severe and very pain are reduced pulse rate, decreased blood pressure, rapid and irregular breathing, fainting and unconsciousness as well as nausea and vomiting (Crofford, 2015 p126, p167). The behavioral indications that an individual is experiencing pain include restlessness, protecting the sensitive regions and refusing to move, grimacing crying and moaning and moving away from the painful stimuli (Flor Turk, 2015 p17). The affective indications that the individual is experiencing pain include depression, withdrawal, depression, fear, and anxiety (Gerrits, van Oppen, van Marwijk, Penninx van der Horst, 2014 p55). Hence it is important to value verbal and non-verbal cues patients can utilize to show the nurse that they are in pain. A patient who can talk will volunteer information about the pain to the nurse. This is not usually the case as sometimes the patient withholds information on pain for fear of being seen weak, fear of increased medication which could lead increase in the hospital bill and pain in the private parts. A patient who cannot communicate uses non-verbal prompts to convey the message to the nurse that they are experiencing pain (Payen Glinas, 201 4 p554). The can also look for various signs that indicate that the patient is experiencing pain, for example, different behaviors. Evidence of Therapeutic Interacting and pain Treatment Pain is regarded as a personal encounter therefore, the most important way of assessment of pain is listening carefully to the narration of the patient. The nurse uses the information given by the patient to initiate the procedure of pain assessment. To enable efficient flow of information, the nurse should avoid the medical jargon but use the language that the patient can fully understand. The nurse also builds a personal connection and relationship to ensure trust so that the patient can disclose all information about the pain that the patient might consider as personal or embarrassing. The evaluation of pain is an essential in pain assessment. The aim of the nurse is to obtain a detailed baseline pain evaluation. The nurse assesses the patients misconceptions and beliefs concerning pain management. The nurse provides education to the patient regarding the regime used in the administration of the pain. The nurse assures the patient that each and every step to be included in the pai n assessment procedure is directed at treating their pain actually. Pain can be treated with analgesics and moving away from the stimuli. Medications used in pain management include acetaminophen, corticosteroids, opioids, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) which include naproxen and ibuprofen (Barr, Fraser, Puntillo, Ely, Glinas, Dasta, Davidson, Devlin, Kress, Joffe Coursin, 2013 p273). Problem-Solving Abilities According to the nursing standards, each and every nurse is supposed to have various abilities to solve the numerous problems that face the nursing profession every day. To be able to gather the intended information from the patients who are not always cooperative, the nurse should think critically and come up with the solution (Yoo Park, 2015 p168). The medical professionals are regarded to as god because of thy cure you.' Therefore, the patient expects that the nurse will be ready to handle any problems that may arise. Various problems can occur during the pain assessment process. The first issue is the communication barrier. The nurse is expected to know the language of the communities where they are based as well as their culture. The nurse can abandon the professional language and the medical jargon and humbly explain to the patient the information in a layman's terms. The nurse also needs to create a healthy relationship hence ensuring that there is mutual trust hence the pati ent gives the information freely. Gather Equipment In pain assessment procedure, there is various tools and equipment that are used. The tools employed in the pain evaluation system include FLACC (face, leg, activity, cry and consolability), Wrong Baker faces pain scale, Visual Analogue scale, and other various tools (Kochman, Howell, Sheridan, Ryan, Lee, Zettersten Yoder, 2017 p15). These devices should be prepared and set up to decrease the time of pain evaluation process since the patient is in pain and needs urgently needs medical attention. Gathering equipment helps in time management. The most significant assessment tool is the nurses indulgent of the pain. It is paramount that the nurse knows what tools are to be used in the evaluation of pain. The pain assessment process is supposed to be as short as possible since the patient is suffering. Apart from the pain assessment tools and equipment, there are also other general tools used in various medical fields are also used in pain assessment. These devices include sphygmomanome ter, stethoscope, thermometer, and watch (Barker, Rushton Smith, 2015 p35). These and the pain assessment tools should be gathered and prepared to reduce time wastage so that the patient can be released from pain as soon as Assessment of Pain Under the given Guidelines The feeling of pain is a subjective entity hence the self-report is usually considered to be the gold standard accurate and reliable measure of pain (Forbes, Helen Elizabeth Watt, 2015p1). The most common method of measuring and assessing pain is the PQRST assessment process. This is the pain evaluation tool to precisely describe, evaluate, assess and also document the patients pain. The PQRST pain assessment method helps in the selection of the appropriate medication for pain and also helps in the evaluation of the response to treatment (Lovell, Forster Phillips, 2014 p2). Through the PQRST method, the nurse can direct the patient to the questions that need to be answered to complete the pain assessment procedure efficiently. PQRST represents Provocation/Palliation, Quality/Quantity, Region/Radiation, Severity Scale, and Timing. The pain evaluation process should always start with the history of the pain (Strong, van Griensven Vincenzino, 2014 p91). The patient should be able to carefully answer questions pertaining when the pain started, how long the pain has been there, what the patient was doing when the pain started and the position the patient was at the onset of the pain. The patient should be able to identify the anatomical location of the pain and if the pain is radiating. Radiation refers to the feeling that the pain is traveling from one part to another. The physiological explanation of this is that such regions have the same innervation. The quality and character of the pain refer to what the pain feels like and can be described as either burning, sharp, dull, shooting, throbbing twisting, crushing or even stretching. Based on the intensity, pain can be described as mild, moderate or severe according to various scales used in pain assessment. The aggravating factors refer to what worsens the pain which includes walking, movement, and standing, lying down or even bending (Davies, Cramp Gauntlett-Gilbert, Wynick McCabe, 2015 p320). The relieving factors are those that alleviates or relieves the pain. The pain relieving factors can either be resting, medications, changing position, massage, being active and heat or cold. The pain assessment tools a re usually based on the patients perception of pain and the severity. The pain assessment tools include the verbal rating scales, Visual Analogue scales and graphic rating scales, numerical rating scale, picture or pain scales, descriptor differential scale of pain intensity and behavioral measurements. The physical effects associated with pain include fatigue, disability, changes in mood, weakened immune system withdrawal, stress, anxiety, depression, irritability, and fear (Kress, Joffe Coursin, 2013 p270). Cleans, Replaces and Dispose of Equipment According to the Nursing Standards, a nurse should follow the guidelines given for cleanness, replacement, and disposal of used medical equipment. Cleanness is paramount in the medical setting as it ensures patient are prevented from various infections that may be present at the hospital. During the pain assessment procedure, the nurse should take note of the personal hygiene especially hand hygiene. The nurse should ensure that the hands are thoroughly cleaned and wearing gloves so as not to spread infection from one patient to the other. The materials that are to be reused are supposed to be cleaned well with the use of antiseptics to eliminate all the microorganisms that may be present hence reducing the chances of nosocomial infections to the patient. Apart from enhancing the safety of the patient, it promotes hygiene in the clinical unit. The nurse should be able to replace the medical equipment he or she uses so that the colleague can access them when in need. This ensures adhe rence to the nursing standards as it serves as a courtesy to the colleagues. The nurse should make sure proper disposal of the used tools and equipment as well as the waste products. Proper disposal of used tools and other wastes reduces environmental pollution as well as lessen the risk of spread of infection. (Chartier, 2014 p195)All nurses should learn these values so that they can offer safe and efficient medical intervention, especially during the pain assessment procedure. Documentation In health care setting, documentation is a vital tool. Various clinical situations require that the healthcare provider records and documents information that helps to better the outcome of the patient. During the process of pain assessment, recording and documentation are an important practice in the process of pain assessment is mostly a narration of the patients experiences to the healthcare provider. Documentation ensures that the pain process of evaluation is undertaken carefully for the safety of the patient as well as providing improved patient outcomes. During pain assessment process, documentation enables the health care provider to carefully follow the proper steps used in evaluating pain so that the patient can receive the best quality pain evaluation and management medical intervention. Documentation is used as a communication tool among various individuals in the healthcare profession (Guerges, Slama Zayadin, Kieninger, 2017 p1). Documentation provides a future reference as the medical process is a continuous activity since the health care practitioner will always want to know your medical history to make right decisions and diagnosis of the current health problem (Guerges et al. 2017 p1). Records are also used to determine the effectiveness of the medical intervention. During the pain assessment period, documentation is important since it shows the patients knowledge and understanding of the pain scale. Documentation usually describes the ability of the patient to evaluate pain levels by the use of 0-10 pain scale. As a nurse, it is paramount to document the patients contentment with the pain levels with the available modalities of treatment. The nurse should document the patient education that is provided and also the feedback to the learning. Pain assessment is part of history taking hence documentation is paramount. Documentation that the student can verbalize describe, and also demonstrate various aspect s of pain is necessary. Nurses and other medical professionals need to fully understand the art of documentation and apply it in their practice. Demonstrates Ability to link Theory to Practice A nurse should have vast and extensive knowledge of many medical and nursing concepts. The theory that is learned in nursing schools, during career practice, through various conferences and even online should be consolidated and employed when offering medical services (Koutoukidis, Stainton Hughson, 2016 p7). The nurse should have excellent knowledge of the theory of pain assessment. The nurse should be able to understand this information thoroughly, process it and store for use during the practice. The nurse should have the ability to integrate the theory and practice. The nurse should have knowledge on the steps of the procedure of the pain assessment, the tools used in the pain assessment activity, knowledge on how to use the various instruments, the effects of pain on the patient and other information needed for ensuring effective pain evaluation procedure. The nurse should be able to use this information to make sure that the pain assessment process is systematic and that all t he steps required are followed. References Barker, M., Rushton, M. and Smith, J., 2015. How to assess deteriorating patients. Nursing Standard, 30(11), pp.34-36. Barr, J., Fraser, G.L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E.W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J.F., Davidson, J.E., Devlin, J.W., Kress, J.P., Joffe, A.M. and Coursin, D.B., 2013. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Critical care medicine, 41(1), pp.263-306. Chartier, Y. ed., 2014. Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. World Health Organization. Crofford, L.J., 2015. Chronic pain: where the body meets the brain. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 126, p.167. Davies, B., Cramp, F., Gauntlett-Gilbert, J., Wynick, D. and McCabe, C.S., 2015. The role of physical activity and psychological coping strategies in the management of painful diabetic neuropathyA systematic review of the literature. Physiotherapy, 101(4), pp.319-326. Finnerup, N.B., Attal, N., Haroutounian, S., McNicol, E., Baron, R., Dworkin, R.H., Gilron, I., Haanp, M., Hansson, P., Jensen, T.S. and Kamerman, P.R., 2015. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology, 14(2), pp.162-173. Flor, H. and Turk, D.C., 2015. Chronic pain: an integrated biobehavioral approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Forbes, Helen, and Elizabeth Watt. Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015. Gerrits, M.M., van Oppen, P., van Marwijk, H.W., Penninx, B.W. and van der Horst, H.E., 2014. Pain and the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders. PAIN, 155(1), pp.53-59. Guerges, M., Slama, E., Zayadin, Y. and Kieninger, A., 2017. Use of a mock deposition program to improve resident understanding of the importance of documentation. The American Journal of Surgery. Kochman, A., Howell, J., Sheridan, M., Kou, M., Ryan, E.E.S., Lee, S., Zettersten, W. and Yoder, L., 2017. Reliability of the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability Scale in Assessing Acute Pain in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatric Emergency Care, 33(1), pp.14-17. Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K. and Hughson, J., 2016. Tabbner's Nursing Care: theory and practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lovell, M., Forster, B. and Phillips, J., 2014. Assessing pain in people with cancer. Pain Management Today. Payen, J.F. and Glinas, C., 2014. Measuring pain in non-verbal critically ill patients: which pain instrument. Critical Care, 18(5), p.554. Strong, J., van Griensven, H. and Vincenzino, B., 2014. Pain assessment and measurement. Yoo, M.S. and Park, H.R., 2015. Effects of case?based learning on communication skills, problem?solving ability, and learning motivation in nursing students. Nursing health sciences, 17(2), pp.166-172.

Texas Midterm Exam free essay sample

Midterm Exam Please respond to the following questions in a cohesive essay. Save your document and submit it to Safe Assign. Your answer needs to be in your own words. The midterm is due tomorrow by midnight. Detail the steps leading to Texas Independence. Anahuac disturbances What role did revolutions elsewhere play in the move towards independence, especially in Mexico? Mexico was still weakened from their own war for independence. Did not have the resources to try and reclaim Texas once it was lost. What immigration policies proved problematic for Mexican officials? Speculators acquiring land grants, promising to build companies, but selling the land to Americans instead. National Colonization Law (1824) – gave states the power to govern immigration; didn’t work well State Colonization Law (1825) – encouraged immigration Coahuila y Texas; made things worse American immigrants began to outnumber Mexicans and refused to acknowledge Mexican culture Who were the key figures in leading the movement towards independence? Houston, Crockett Different political philosophies? Anglo Texans subscribed to an American philosophy of government and felt the Mexican government was tyrannical and controlling. We will write a custom essay sample on Texas Midterm Exam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anglo Texas also liked US currency Discuss key battles? Alamo, Goliad, San Jacinto Causes? Democracy vs tyranny; constitution of 1824 Constitutional conflict against Centralists who they felt discriminated against Texans Land trafficking; speculators supported rebellion to keep their assests Contempt for Mexican rule refusal to assimilate into way of life Racism? Trace the evolution of slavery in the early part of the 19th century in Texas – what role did slavery play in Texas Independence? Mexico did not like the idea of Anglos overpopulating Texas, so they attempted to pass strict laws controlling slavery to discourage people from immigrating. People still emigrated from the US and brought slaves with them. Mexican laws did little to limit the number of slaves. Anglos continued slavery under the guise of contract labor. Anglos believed slavery was important to the economy and this was part of the reason for tension How significant was race to fueling independence? Pretty significant; caused a lot of tension between Anglos and Mexicans Why did Tejanos participate in the Texas Revolution? Wanted to be on the winning team

John Dos Pasos essays

John Dos Pasos essays There are few authors that have contributed greatly to American literature. One of these authors that have accomplished this task is John Dos Passos. He is considered to be one of the greatest novelists of all time. He shared his wide range of political views in such classic works as the U.S.A. trilogy. John Dos Passos helped the country through the progressive era and other social upheavals into the Industrial Revolution through his works. He is widely considered one of the greatest American authors ever. John Dos Passos was born January 14, 1896 in Chicago, Illinois. He was the illegitimate son of a widow, of Portuguese decent. His father was Portuguese also and worked as a successful lawyer. raised by his father, Dos Passos was brought up in the Catholic tradition. Throughout his childhood, he traveled in Europe and North America receiving a good education. After touring Europe and America, Dos Passos, then attended Harvard University. He graduated Cum Laude in 1916. Soon after college he volunteered as an ambulance driver in World War I. During this time he discovered his ability to write, and eventually this lead to his writing his famous trilogy. U.S.A. The U.S.A. trilogy describes the history of the United States from 1900 to 1930. Dos Passos took interest in Republican politics, which was reflected in his early works. During his illustrious career he was a member in many organizations such as American Arts and Letters, and he founded and he founded the New Masses in 1926. Dos Passos was greatly affected by the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, in which he was unsuccessful at gaining their pardon. After this affair he worked as a correspondent for Life magazine and for the government in Central America. He then worked as a lawyer until his death in September 28, 1970 of an apparent heart attack. Dos Passos died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 74. John Dos Passos is widely...

Easy and Fun February Writing Prompts

Easy and Fun February Writing Prompts February can be a tough month for many students with very few if any days off. Many school districts across the nation do not take Presidents Day off. Following is a list of themes and writing prompts for each day of February. These can be used any way you see fit in your class. They are great as warm-ups or journal entries. February Holidays American Heart MonthBlack History MonthChildrens Dental Health MonthInternational Friendship MonthResponsible Pet Owners Month Writing Prompt Ideas for February February 1 - Theme: National Freedom DayOn this day in 1865, Abraham Lincoln signed the Amendment that would outlaw slavery once it was ratified. If slavery was outlawed with the 13th amendment, why were amendments 14 and 15 needed?February 2 - Theme: Groundhog DayAccording to weather data kept since 1887, the groundhog at Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania has only been accurate 39% of the time. Why do Americans still celebrate this day even though its accuracy is so low?February 3 - Theme: Elmos Birthday (Sesame Street Character)What was your favorite television program as a small child? Which characters do you remember most? Why?February 4 - Theme: Rosa Parks BirthdayPretend you were Rosa Parks in 1955. What would you have felt like as you decided not to give up your seat to a white man?February 5 - Theme: National Weatherpersons DayMeteorology is the study of the atmosphere, especially as it relates to the weather. Do you think that being a weatherperson would be a difficult job? Why or why not? February 6 - Theme: Monopoly First SoldWhat is your favorite board game? Explain why you like it.February 7 - Theme: Charles Dickens BirthdayIn the past, individuals who did not have the money to pay their bills were thrown in debtors prison, a theme which is key in many of Charles Dickens novels. Do you think that this is an appropriate punishment for not being able to pay off your bills? Why or why not?February 8 - Theme: Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts (Officially Boy Scout Day)Were or are you a boy or girl scout? If so, what did you think of your experiences as a scout? If not, do you wish that you had participated in the scouts? Why or why not?February 9 - Theme: Chocolate (Founding of Hersheys Chocolate)Describe your favorite candy bar. You can choose to do this as prose or as poetry.February 10 - Theme: Chinese New YearIn the western calendar, a leap day happens every four years. However, in the Chinese calendar, a leap month happens about every three years. Come up with and explai n at least three issues that might arise if the west decided to use this calendar instead of the one that is currently use. February 11 - Theme: National Inventors DayHave you ever come up with an idea for an invention? If so, describe it. If not, what do you think is the best invention of the 20th century.February 12 - Theme: Abraham Lincolns BirthdayAbraham Lincoln said, Most folks are as happy as they make up their minds to be. What do you think he meant by that quote? Do you think its true?February 13 - Theme: International Friendship MonthDo you have any friends that live in another country? If so, explain how you became friends. If not, if you were to become a penpal with someone from a foreign country, which country would you choose? Why?February 14 - Theme: Valentines DayWho do you care about the most? Why do you care for them so much? Explain.February 15 - Theme: Susan B. Anthonys BirthdayAt the time that womens suffrage passed, there were many women who argued against giving women the right to vote. Why do you think this was?February 16 - Theme: American Heart MonthWhat do you do to lead a healt hy lifestyle? What do you think you could improve on (e.g., eat better, exercise more, etc.)? February 17 - Theme: Random Acts of Kindness DayHave you ever performed a random act of kindness? If so, explain what you did and why. If not, come up with a random act that you can perform later today and explain your plan.February 18 - Theme: Pluto DiscoveredWould you ever consider going on a trip to the moon? Why or why not?February 19 - Theme: Phonograph was PatentedHow do you buy and listen to music today? How does this differ from the way your parents did it? In your opinion, how have these changes affected music and the music industry?February 20 - Theme: Responsible Pet Owners MonthDo you or does your family own a pet? If so what type of pet is it? What are the pros and cons of owning a pet?February 21 - Theme: Washington Monument DedicatedHave you ever been to Washington, D.C.? Why do you think that the nation has created monuments like the Washington Monument or the Jefferson Memorial? Do you think they are important symbols? Why or why not?February 22 - Theme: George Washi ngtons BirthdayThe story that George Washington could not lie when asked if he cut down a cherry tree is not true. It was written after his death. Explain why you think a biography might create a story like this when writing about someone famous who they admire. February 23 - Theme: Iwo Jima DayDo you think that you would like to join the military at some point in the future? Why or why not?February 24 - Theme: Andrew Johnsons ImpeachmentTwo presidents have been impeached: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. However, no president has actually been removed from office. It only takes a simple majority of the House of Representatives to be impeached (or basically found guilty of a crime). However, it takes 2/3 of the Senate to remove a president from office. Explain why you think the founding fathers made this so difficult?February 25 - Theme: Paper CurrencyWhat are the pros and cons of having paper currency instead of carrying around coins made of gold, silver, or some other precious metal?February 26 - Theme: Grand Canyon EstablishedWhy is it important for the national government to protect and manage natural treasures such as the Grand Canyon?February 27 - Theme: National Strawberry DayWhat is your favorite fruit? What do you like about it? If you do not like any fruit, explain why not. February 28 - Theme: Republican Party FoundedWhich political party do you think represents your views the most? Why do you think this is so?February 29 - Theme: Leap DayExplain how a person could logically claim that they have only had 8 birthdays when they are actually 32 years old.

Choose your favourite decade in make up and hair and explain why Essay

Choose your favourite decade in make up and hair and explain why - Essay Example or Miss. Coming out of the confusion of the seventies with its disco and punk rock, the eighties became increasingly concerned with symbols of power and business. This was encouraged by the privatization of industries and the de-regulation of the stock market introduced as a part of Thatcherism. As a result, the prevailing attitude regarding the economy became one of every man for himself. Electronics were gaining in popularity in many areas of life – synthesizers and keyboards in music, the introduction of the music video and digital animation, computers in the workplace and video games from the arcade becoming available in the home. New innovations in technology including the ‘nuclear age’, innovations in hair gel and mousse and increased use of personal technology made the science fiction shows on television seem possible just around the corner. All of these elements combined together to create a vibrant and outspoken era in hair, fashion and makeup that thrill s me with its energy and innovative symbolism. One of the major influences on 80s fashions was the designer Vivienne Westwood, who developed her talents in the thick of the 1960s and 1970s rock and roll movement in Britain. Her fashions exemplify the sexual freedom and aggressive stance of female expression emerging in the women’s movements that rocked the world at this time. Through her early designs, Westwood discovered that â€Å"there was a dramatic potential in the clothes themselves that could be heightened: laden with associations, biker gear links sexuality, violence and death, in a twentieth century archetype† (Savage, 2001: 28). She began a new line of clothes that were based on these ideas by adding metal studs, chicken bones, chains, zippers and other gear to the clothing she made. Doing this, Westwood became the mother of the punk rock fashions (Savage, 2001: 28). These designs included a heavy use of the corset as a fetish object, frequently making it in leather,

Paper #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Paper #4 - Essay Example He deplores the fact that his mother should have remarried barely two months after the death of her first husband. This soliloquy also shows Hamlet’s meditative nature. It also reveals his filial attachment to his dead father to whom he speaks highly, and his scorn of his uncle to whom he refers in disparaging terms. His references to Hyperion, Niobe and Hercules show him to be well versed in classical literature. His generalizing tendency is also explicable when he says, By the above mentioned quote, Hamlet also blames his mother to be frail and not loyal to his father as she marries with his uncle with haste. The soliloquy as a whole also reveals that Hamlet presented an artificial dialogue before the court and his uncle when he was in the court as the soliloquy is contrasted to his words. Hamlet through this soliloquy expresses his grief and sadness over the demise of his father whom he regards as an appreciative and amicable personality. He also shows in depth love for his father. Hamlet regards that his mother has not felt any pain and torment because of her husband’s demise and has married as soon as she could. He thinks that her tears were â€Å"unrighteous†. Hamlet not only regards his mother’s marriage as a sign of her fragility and weakness but also considers it as incest as he says:   This soliloquy and the feelings expressed in it are indicative of Hamlet’s sorrow and depression that are there because of his mother’s marriage with Claudius. Hamlet also expresses profound love and respect for his father but his mother has degraded herself in the eyes of his son by her act of marriage. Hamlet’s shown sorrow and attitude can be applied on general human feelings and attitudes. Anyone can be sorrowful and sad on such state of affairs. For example, there is a child whose father is dead and his mother marries another man only after a short time of her husband’s death, the child would be badly depressed because of her mother’s act.

Public Relations Research Essay Example for Free

Public Relations Research Essay Education is a 501(C) 3 nonprofit corporation that exists to serve the shared interests of public agencies, businesses, teachers, community organization, and individuals disturbing or using environmental education (EE) materials and programs. It is a neutral and objective source of information related to EE in Colorado and a voice for EE’s important role in the balance between societal needs and environmental quality. As a statewide member organization, CAEE has over 850 members from across Colorado including teachers, students, information educators, public agency employers, and retirees. CAEE is a national leader in innovative, state-of-the-art approaches to statewide capacity building for EE resources. More than 500 organizations, engaging thousands of staff and volunteers, are providing EE programs and services. The organization faces two problems: 1) image awareness and 2) funding. The organization faces a lack of image awareness for the following reasons: 1) with the large number of diverse organizations and flexible staff and volunteer participants it is difficult to create a unified brand image; and 2) with a staff of from 2 to 4 members as the only consistent representatives for CAEE, their image tends to define CAEE. Therefore, the organization needs to create and communicate a consistent message for CAEE to enhance its image and increase members and partners with their one of their primary target audiences-K-12 educators. The CAEE has the following image/brand elements, but it needs a wider public and media exposure to generate image awareness. Current Brand Images: †¢ CAEE Logo, which is used on all advertisements and promotions †¢ CAEE is prominently displayed on its website and all e-mail addresses †¢ CAEE has a Facebook page CAEE’s positioning is weak, since many EE providers that are members of CAEE are often very involved, however, there is a major EE provider sector that is unaware of the benefits of CAEE’s services. In addition to the EE community, CAEE has not been effective in reaching those outside the EE community such as funders and legislators. The CAEE’s second problem is funding, since it continually struggles with a precarious financial situation. The major source of CAEE’s funding comes primarily from grants and corporate sponsorships. Therefore with a down turn in the economy CAEE’s funding. There are two cases that relate to the CAEE’s problems of image awareness and consistent corporate funding. They are both Cause Branding cases from Cone, Inc. I selected these case studies from Cone, Inc. , because it is a pioneer and leader in Cause Branding. They utilized extensive research, analysis, and strategy development. In 2010, Cone, Inc. conducted a Cause Evolution Study. In the study, they found that despite the downtown in the economy over the previous two years, nearly 64% of American companies responded well to the social and environmental issues that emerged during the recession. The following is an overview of their research findings: 83% of Americans wish more products, services, and retailers they use would support causes. 88% of consumers have a more positive image of a product or company when it supports a cause they care about. 90% of consumers want companies to tell them the ways they are supporting causes. With respect to Cause Branding in specific industries, the study found that consumers are looking beyond the usual candidates, the ones the find on stores shelves to those with recognized environmental footprints such as the following industries.

A Bond between Sisters :: Personal Narrative

A Bond between Sisters The kitchen is sweltering, like everywhere else in the house, so the ice melts quickly as I drop it into the pitcher of freshly brewed mint tea. A fly buzzes around my head, and I try not to flinch as I pour five glasses of the light green liquid. One is for dad, who is in the garden picking tomatoes, another for mom who is diligently preparing for tomorrow's birthday party, and one is for my youngest sister Rachel who is running around the neighborhood with her dog. I take a sip from one of the remaining cups and carry the last to my other sister, Anna. Though I have not heard from her in hours, I know she will be sitting in the same position I last saw her: reclined on the porch chair, feet rested on the railing, and mind deeply lost in her newest science fiction or fantasy novel. "Anna, would you like some tea," I offer as the screen door slams behind me. She doesn't move. "Anna," I try again, this time touching her shoulder with my elbow. She turns her chin towards me, but her eyes continue scanning the page until she has reached an appropriate stopping point. She lifts her slightly glazed, hazel eyes towards mine, unwilling to disengage from the world created by Anthony Piers or Terry Brooks. The corners of her mouth curl upwards, eyes slightly squinting from the bright sunlight, and she reaches out her empty hand, decorated with an intricate henna design, to grasp the sweating glass of tea. My sister and parents have settled on henna as an acceptable form of body art, as opposed to piercings, tattoos, or even hair dye. My sister's artistic talents and desire to decorate herself have been evident since she was little when she longed for the day she could wear the makeup that mom donned every Sunday. One morning, my sister's desire and daring five-year-old spirit got the better of her, and she snuck a tube of bright red lipstick to church. Our mother was mortified, but most of the congregation thought it amusing to see Anna's crimson lips. Anna's artistic side has manifested itself in many other ways. She carried a sketchbook, making drawings of the various churches we visited, our family, or the creatures in her imagination. In her late elementary school years, Anna discovered the joy of using beads to make jewelry.

Giving Credit Essay

Abstract In this assignment we compare the lives of two men that created inventions that changed the world we live in. Throughout their careers and success’ they had hurdles to jump and become innovative thinkers to create futures in their challenging industry. Great men and thinkers can move mountains and open paths to new industries. Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due As entrepreneurs in a growing world of technology and change Andy Grove and Michael Dell pioneered the industry. They were innovators, visionaries and industry leaders in their fields. Andy Grove envisioned change to create faster and more productive ways to utilize the way we process information. As an immigrant he passed through the walls of terror in his home country of Hungry which was facing many issues of destruction that the Nazi’s enforced. He fled to the United States in the 1960’s to create a better life and future for himself. Andy established a small company that he called Intel which created an immense new future for the computer technology. His contributions awarded him the esteem acknowledgement as Time Magazine’s person of the year. He pursued his dreams as all inventors to create products and progress in the ever-changing need for new technology. Andy Grove created the chip and the microprocessor that allowed information to be processed much faster and smaller in size. Mr. Dell also an inventor at an early age set up a laboratory in his dorm room while attending college to create his personal computer. His success with the personal computer caught on quick because he used a direct theory to include his customer in the structure of his product. Michael Dell believed that understanding his customer’s needs and issues would enable Dell to create good competitive products. He believed that cutting the middlemen out of the sales market would allow him that advantage. With that direct approach Dell was able to endure many obstacles as well as the recession that created market crashes in the early 2000’s. (Krames, Jeffrey A. What the Best CEOs Know: 7 Exceptional Leaders and Their Lessons for Transforming Any Business) Both Andy Grove and Michael Dell endured much criticism from competitors  because of their business approach and products and business logic. Mr. Grove instilled paranoia in his corporate CEOs so that they could become fearful of being caught off guard. Mr. Dell used his customers to create standards that would give him the leading edge over his competitors. Both were accused of manipulating the industry and deceiving the product consumers. Intel was accused of creating an inferior product that put fear into the consumer to believe the chips that were being used would create disastrous failures to the products who endorsed his chip. Dell had a simple approach to create sales and marketing by lowering the cost of his product by cutting out the middlemen which made him more competitive and viable to sustain the economic downfalls. His competitors accused him of lowering his cost so as to drive the market sales away from the non profitable companies. Both Mr. Grove and Mr. Dell used simple methods to approach the needs and creativity of the growing markets. Andy Grove made sure that being too comfortable with the products that his company offered just wasn’t going to be enough. He looked ahead to keep creating new products that would soon be replaced by a growing need for better technology. Mr. Dell never doubted his approach to keep his overhead down and modeled his success on a customer based product. He believed creating his product for the customers rather than just offering his product without realizing their valuable input. Their similarities are based on what the customer and technology needs to sustain a profitable and sustainable future. They share innovative ideas in product development and customer based satisfaction. They differed by the way each approached the markets, Intel needed to create a superior product sooner and more often to keep up with changing technologies. Dell used the customer to create products based on the user need. Each approached their core values of business and what works for them to create value and sustainability. Dell had the market share by using the internet to generate sales through machine to machine based sales and conserved his manpower to keep the cost of his product low. Intel spent many hours of research and product development to create new and innovative ground breaking products that led the industry standards. Mr. Grove believed that being complacent would drive him out of the industry and eventually close the doors. He encouraged his CEOs to listen to his sales team to find out the needs of the customers Andy Grove referred to those individuals as â€Å"Cassandra’s† that would pass on valuable customer feedback. His pushes to create paranoia made Intel strong and create rather than become comfortable because Grove feared that waiting for the market to fail made Intel week. Mr. Dell believed that his customers gave him the strength to survive and customize his business to their needs. Dell never overstocked and always built their product to order. Dell realized that over burdening their inventory would devastate their ability to keep costs down. Dell learned from their mistakes like the Olympic brand which compromised the need of customers and their ability to utilize technology threatened the Dell line of products. Dell made efforts to speak to the public and hear what they had to say and put that information into their products. (Krames, Jeffrey A. What the Best CEOs Know: 7 Exceptional Leaders and Their Lessons for Transforming Any Business) Both of these pioneers created a wealth of knowledge and bridged the technology industry to what is today. Innovation is the foundation of the industry and creating new and exciting products that can be user friendly and affordable make profits. Both of these two companies are very profitable and determined to create intelligent and appealing industries. The changing markets constantly demand new and better technologies that will enable us to accelerate computer speeds and retain more memory without absorbing higher prices and engineering. References American Psychological Association. 2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. (Krames, Jeffrey A. What the Best CEOs Know: 7 Exceptional Leaders and Their Lessons for Transforming Any Business)

Discussing the character of Charles Darke Essay

Charles Darke is a character of huge importance in the novel because he embodies so many of the novels themes and is key to Stephen’s recovery after his loss of Kate and future journey. Events involving Charles Darke are not only significant to the plot but also teach the reader a lot about the movement of time and the confusion and issues surrounding childhood. The readers introduction to Darke shows him as a successful man in his publishing firm who has managed to acquire respect and power (â€Å"New York and Frankfurt were on the line†) however as the introduction continues the reader begins to see that under the surface he has a more childish side to him as he relishes receiving attention: â€Å"making expansive remarks to a young writer was one of the more desirable perquisites to his profession†. Even before his breakdown his youthful nature is evident for example choosing his political career is described as a â€Å"parlour game†. Darke is one of the characters that McEwan uses to present the major theme of childhood and adulthood, there is a constant conflict present within Darke of being a child and of being an adult. His successful political career shows that he must have debating skill and great intellect however at the same time his juvenile personality also breaks through. Having acted as a parental figure after the loss of Kate it is tragic that he should regress so rapidly away from reality. It is not only Darke’s contrasting personality which warns the reader of what may occur later, he is obviously unsettled as shown by his rapid career moves and house move from Eaton Square to the countryside. Thelma also describes to Stephen how he lost his mother and had a cold upbringing with his father suggesting that Darke did not experience childhood at all. Charles Darke also jumped straight into being a successful and married businessman therefore missing out on important lessons that many adults learn through their mistakes. Just before the reader is introduced to Darke there is even a subtle echo of what will happen later as Stephen describes a picture: â€Å"a grim-faced crow with a stethoscope round its neck taking the pulse of a pale young boy who appeared to have fallen out of a tree†. Darke shows the reader a disquieting reaction to time because instead of moving forwards he moves backwards, the reader sees personal and sometimes eerie moments involving Darke, these help McEwan to show the reader what a precious state childhood is and how time cannot be manipulated. Darke also embodies the theme of politics. Not only does he move the political plot forward by getting Stephen onto the committee but he is also the reason that Stephen meets the Prime Minister. The novel was written during the Thatcherite era of the 80’s and this is clearly reflected in the tone of the book and McEwan’s opposition to this right-wing rule. Stephen Lewis is cynical about the Conservative views that Darke has decided to take on and the short, abrupt syntax that McEwan uses emphasizes his suspicions of the government in power. It is a cruel irony that, like the Beggar Girl, Charles’ eventual death is a result of his political career and the harsh culture surrounding him. Different opinions can be taken on what Darke’s specific role is within the novel. He clearly is important for McEwan to carve in the political aspect of the novel and McEwan’s own political views however his regression back into childhood carries a much more complicated message. The title of the book â€Å"The Child in Time† at first may seem to describe simply Stephen’s loss of Kate however one can go much deeper and find that perhaps what McEwan is trying to show the reader is Stephen and Darke’s search for their own child in time. While Stephen searches constantly for the physical Kate he also looks for her in time through memories and visions of her growing up. Darke’s search for the child in time is different, he has had no childhood of his own so he searches for it and eventually finds it by regressing into boyhood. On the surface McEwan presents this as a natural step but it is actually quite disturbing and this is shown by the smile on his face at death. The conflicts within Darke show the reader the bitter sweet nature of childhood, while Darke is happy and carefree he also believes himself invincible and this eventually causes his death. Charles Darke is also important for the reader’s understanding of Stephen Lewis. It is because of Darke that Stephen meets Thelma who is important as she looks after both of the characters and gives the reader another way to look at time. The reason that Thelma chooses Stephen as the one person who she allows to see Charles after his breakdown is because she knows that he will not judge or condemn and it is important for the reader to know this feature of his character. Stephen has experienced loss and thought endlessly about childhood and is therefore understanding about Darke’s regression. The reader also learns about Stephen through the contrast of the characters. Darke becomes part of the right wing government while Stephen is saddened by the two â€Å"tribes† in the Supermarket. Stephen sees Charles Darke’s death first hand and this may help him reach an understanding about his loss of Kate because he has to come face to face with the reality that she too maybe dead. The fact that Darke dies with a smile on his face may remind Stephen that if Kate is dead then she has at least died in a happy part of her life and has not yet lost her innocence. Darke’s relationship with Thelma can also be contrasted with Stephen’s relationship with Julie. As the novel progresses Thelma becomes more and more of a mother figure to Darke and her older age implies that it has never been a marriage of passion and deep love but one of a mutual understanding, acceptance and care. In contrast to Darke’s seemingly sexless marriage Julie and Stephen have a much more real and natural relationship where there high points and low points are kept private and by the end their genuine love for one another is clear. Darke offers McEwan the means to show the reader his themes of time, childhood and politics but he also has deeper significance. Darke shows the reader how childhood, or the lack of it, effects ones whole life and how reaching adulthood is a continuous process that may never end. The search for â€Å"The Child in Time† by Darke is an emotional and metaphorical journey that eventually liberates him from the stresses and pressures of his hectic work life even if it does ultimately cause his death.

Converting Fractions to Decimals - free worksheets.

Converting Fractions to Decimals - free worksheets. All worksheets are in PDF. Remember, look at the fraction bar as a divided by bar. For instance 1/2 means the same as 1 divided by 2 which equals 0.5. Or 3/5 is 3 divided by 5 which equals 0.6. Thats all you need to know to convert the following worksheets on fractions to decimals! Converting fractions to decimals is a common concept that is often taught in the fifth and sixth grades in most educational jurisdictions. Students should have plenty of exposure to concrete manipulatives prior to complete pencil paper tasks. For instance, work with fraction bars and circles to ensure a deep understanding is in place. 1. Worksheet 1Answers 2. Worksheet 2Answers 3. Worksheet 3Answers 4. Worksheet 4Answers 5. Worksheet 5Answers 6. Worksheet 6Answers Although calculators will do the conversion simply and quickly, it is still important for students to understand the concept in order to use the calculator. After all, you cant use a calculator if you dont know which numbers or operations to key in.

10 Time Management Strategies That Are The Key to Life Success

10 Time Management Strategies That Are The Key to Life Success Feel stressed? Despite knowing you have the talent and the drive to achieve real success, do you just constantly find yourself on the wrong side of an insurmountable pile of tasks and often feel discouraged? Don’t worry too much. You just need a reboot of your time management skill set and develop better time management strategies. The trick is to organize your tasks and projects in a system that works for you and will work no matter what  stress a random crisis adds. You’ll find your stress level in general comes down considerably if you can find your own time management groove.Make the most of the 24 hours given to you each day with these 10 time management strategies.1. Learn to TriageStep one is to figure out what  your major goals and most pressing projects are, and then to put those at the top of your priorities list. Then rank the rest in order of importance. Start each day by assessing what you have to do and focusing your immediate energy on the most import ant tasks.2.  Make a List, Check It TwiceYou’ll have to focus your energy on big ticket  items first, but you also want to make sure you set up regular time to work on the things that get pushed to the bottom of the list so nothing falls through the cracks. Find a system that works for you that means you get the most pressing things done first, but also regularly cycle all the way through your list.3. Don’t be Afraid to DelegateOnce you have your system in place, there will be a few things that you can put on someone else’s desk. Don’t hesitate to do this. It’s a necessary leadership skill, and it will help you keep focused on the things requiring your unique attention.4. Set Deadlines, Even If They’re FakeYou’d be amazed at how much more you can get done when under deadlines. Make a calendar of when your projects are due to your superiors or coworkers. Then add in some deadlines of your own- just remember to hold yourself to them .5.  Practice the Best De-stressing Method You KnowNo matter how organized you are, stress can derail you if you let it spiral out of control. Find ways to relax and reconnect so physical and mental weariness never keep you off your game. Sleep!6. Pick Your BattlesDon’t obsess over the insignificant or unimportant. Figure out what really requires your energy and effort, and fix that spotlight where it most needs to be.7.  Don’t Stop Once You Find MomentumDo whatever you can to pick up speed in your new system, and then start riding that high. Continue picking up speed as you cross projects off your list. Don’t break your pace!8. Concentrate on  One Thing at a TimeMultitasking isn’t always the answer. You might find you’re most productive when you focus on one thing at a time and get more things done overall.9. Time YourselfIf procrastination is a problem for you, consider working in 25 or 45 minute intervals with regular breaks. That way you know you’re only ever a countdown away from a Facebook break, but you’re also guaranteed to power through some work. This works best if you turn off notifications on your phone. Put it in a drawer during your work intervals!10. Get Started- Now!You’ll never get anywhere in your system if you never set one up. Act now. Start early. And get it done. You’ll be delighted with the results.

Speech using the Rogerian style of argumentation Essay

Speech using the Rogerian style of argumentation - Essay Example Several instances have been reported concerning the increased aggression among the victims. Others also report increased criminal or violent behavior among the victims. In other situations, corporal punishment in schools can lead to escalated antisocial behavior and moral internalization among the learners. My position differs from those who argue that corporal punishment should not be banned in schools or other learning institutions. My position is that corporal punishment in schools and other learning institutions should be banned. This does not include normal discipline mechanisms that parent use at home. It also does not include the nonviolent punitive methods employed by teachers to enhance discipline among learners. Corporal punishment in public and private schools and other learning institutions should be banned because it poses devastating effects on the learners. These include loss of good family relationship and damage to education. It leads to all forms of violation of the fundamental rights of children such as the right to education and good

Good or Bad Performance for Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good or Bad Performance for Cities - Essay Example In several studies, graffiti was found to have the following advantages to the cities: (1) it revitalizes the city through â€Å"controlled graffiti†; (2) it is a form of community beautification by spicing up urban blight and (3) it educates the public through disseminating relevant social issues. On the other hand, graffiti has still been viewed as a form of vandalism and a crime in many societies. The City of Calgary, for example, penalizes those caught doing graffiti with a $5000 fine. It is viewed as a waste of time and resources as the city would eventually resort to cleaning and removing them. The costs of removing them are tremendous and take a financial toll to the government. The Journal Live news of graffiti report â€Å"unwelcome art attacks cost  £1m a year MORE than a million pounds is spent every year cleaning up graffiti in the North-East". In addition, prison sentences were handed to members of a gang who work on making graffiti and were found to have destr oyed â€Å"hundreds of buildings and railway bridges in their distinctive tags over eight months, giving transport operators a huge clean-up bill amounting to  £140,000†. The actions of graffiti artists are evaluated according to their specific objectives or purpose for doing their art form. Most governments have recognized the evolution of graffiti art as continuously transforming. Stowers (1997) averred that â€Å"whether or not all of the public agrees that graffiti art is good, bad, or extremely valuable is a different discussion.

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy Essay

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy - Essay Example Cultural diplomacy is imperative for states in order to achieve opportunities and broader prospects of business, education etc. from different parts of the world. It will not be incorrect to state that cultural diplomacy is as important for a country as its foreign policy. It is due to the fact that both maintain peaceful international relationship of a respective country with other countries in terms of politics, economics, education etc. British Council is one of the renowned cultural diplomacy tools of United Kingdom that has had a prestigious history of marinating peaceful relationship of UK with other countries. This paper aims to discuss the role of British Council in conducting cultural diplomacy for UK. The analysis would be done by closely looking at the historical highlights and achievements of British Council. Furthermore, its significance would also be studied in the paper within the context of its foreign policy. British Council is referred to the international cultural body of United Kingdom that was initiated in order to represent UK’s culture in different parts of the world. British Council is basically an independent council which is public in its scope. It should be noted that British Council is closely working with government. The role of government in administrating British Council is in terms of selecting countries where cultural diplomatic activities can be undertaken (Taylor, Cultural Diplomacy and the British Council:). The goals and missions of British Council have common agenda of conducting cultural diplomacy for UK in international world order to develop a positive image of UK (Ager). British Council is also considered as an intermediary of foreign policy department of United Kingdom as its concept was discussed and passed at the foreign diplomatic organization of UK. British Council was initiated at the time when many other cultural organizations from France and counterparts of Europe were actually becoming victorious in conducting cultural diplomacy across the globe. It can be said that British Council was initiated as an inspired project from the existing cultural organizations of French and Germans in late 1920s (Hecht and Donfried). In actual terms, British Council was initiated in 1934 in order to introduce different countries with Britain’s standard of education and its culture. The core goals of representing education and cultural standing of Britain were achieved by organizing expedition tasks, concerts, art exhibitions, tutorials and lectures etc (Hecht and Donfried). The primary focus of British Council in the initial stages was to give coverage to the Middle Eastern countries and underdeveloped countries of Europe where much assistance for education was needed during 1950s (Thomas). The working process of British Council was majorly indirect in its initial stages until it started to operate in its own offices. Earlier, a number of consulates were being worked through by British Council which relatively slowed down its working mechanism. Obviously, it was a very crucial stage for British Council to begin operating from its own offices in different locations of the world (Levermore and Budd). It was for this reason that the organization collected information regarding different communities of the world at the first place to give preference to location. After getting an augment idea through research regarding different communities, British Council resumed its operation through offices opened abroad. In this series, the first office of British Council was opened at Egypt. It should be noted that the working criteria of British Council got complicated as international politics was heading towards World War II (Levermore and Budd). A great deal of barriers was noted in the working process of British Council as World War II led in the closure of most of its offices in Middle East and Mediterranean countries. It should be not

France and French culture Essay Example for Free

France and French culture Essay Despite the recent backlash against France and French culture in the past few years, as well as there being no shortage of jokes on television and on the radio at the expense at the France, the truth is that if it were not for the French and their involvement during the American Revolution, America would not have gained their independence from Great Britain. This assertion, despite the fact that historians do not like to play the game of â€Å"what if,† the large majority agree on this point. Historians from Gore Vidal, Stephen Ambrose and David McCullough all agree that had it not been for the assistance of France, America would not gave gained their independence. The â€Å"bear† is Great Britain. An aggressive pursuit of imperialism on behalf of Great Britain in the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries had not been seen since the end of the Roman Empire. The reasons for France’s involvement in the American Revolution might have been more a question of revenge against Britain than the involvement of spreading democracy throughout the world as France itself would experience only 10 years after their initial entrance into the war with their own French Revolution. When the French entered on the side of colonists, the war was going badly in general. There had been a number of victories for the Colonists but America’s only hope that a sustained war, brought on by implementing guerilla tactics would eventually lead to a tiring of the British troops. Also, it was the entire motivatation of the Colonists to get France on their side. Ben Franklin was pressing the French constantly for their help during this time. Also, it was not out of a coincidence that Franklin was chosen and not others since Franklin were adored by the French. Thomas Jefferson also was instrumental as well in getting France involved on the side of the Colonists. It is also not a coincidence that France was being targeted for their help. They, along with Great Britain, were the powers in the world at that time. That is why such a statement as â€Å"Daddy and I killed the Bear† is accurate and correct. The bear is Great Britain. They did not conquer 1/3 of the world by being nice. â€Å"Daddy† is France and the child is America. â€Å"Daddy† is usually the stronger of the two and is more established. He is responsible for the care and well being of the child and helps the child to grow and to mature until eventually, the child exceeds the father in stature, independence and strength. However, the child would not be allowed to grow if not for the effort exerted on the part of the father. A father who neglects his son and does not raise him up in a proper way and the chances increase exponentially, for that child to fail to fully realize his full potential. The very same occurred in this instance and therefore, the aforementioned statement is accurate and carried a great deal of weight and validity.

Jane Austens Life and Work Essay -- Author Biography

Jane Austen, one of the most celebrated novelists, wrote seven of the most distinguished novels in the English language. Her first novel--which she started in 1795, revised in 1809 or 1810, and finally published in 1811—was Sense and Sensibility. Many agree that her most renowned work would be Pride and Prejudice. Austen began writing in her early twenties but did not publish her work until later in her life. She obtained a better education than most women of her time. Born in Steventon Village in Hampshire on December 16, 1775, Austen was born into an upper middle class family. She was the daughter of George Austen, a clergyman, and Cassandra Austen. Austen received her education at Reading Abby School. Before she was eighteen Austen had written three volumes of juvenilia and her first book was published at the age of thirty-five. Pride and Prejudice, originally titled First Impressions, was submitted to a London publisher by her father in 1797, a year after Austen b egan writing it. Although the novel was enjoyed by many of her friends and family, the publisher rejected it. She moved to Bath in 1801 and continued to work on First Impressions until 1805 when her father and a close friend passed away in which time she stopped writing for almost five years. In 1809 Austen moved to Hampshire at Chawton College, close to her hometown of Steventon and on January 28, 1813 Pride and Prejudice was published anonymously. Austen’s novels are about people of her societal class on courtship and marriage and throughout her life there were approximately fifteen anonymous reviews, three on Pride and Prejudice. James Edward Austen-Leigh, Austen’s nephew, wrote her first biography in 1870 portraying her as a benevolent, devout, â€Å"spin... ...te, clever, pointed, and satirical to say the least. Jane Austen’s Emma relates to her life in the fact that she writes about the people in her societal class. All of her characters live near the area she grew up in and are all upper middle class families. In Emma George Knightley is often the voice of Austen herself. He relays her opinions and emotions in a subtle way that does not disengage the reader too much. While relaying her opinions and emotions through a character within the novel, it keeps the reader involved enough to keep their emotions within the story and not towards Austen herself. Works Cited Collins, K K. â€Å"Austen, Jane.† World Book Student. World Book Student. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. Gale Student Resources in Context. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. Hodge, J.A., et al. â€Å"Jane Austen.† Columbia Encyclopedia. EBSCOhost. Web. 4 Jan. 2011.

Individual Learner Differences In Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

1. IntroductionThe fact that competence degrees attained by 2nd linguistic communication scholars fluctuate so greatly ( Lightbown and Spada, 2006: 53 ) , raises an challenging inquiry with respects to 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( SLA ) , why are some persons better at geting linguistic communication than others? A major ground for this fluctuation in L2 proficiency degrees is normally attributed to single scholar differences ( ILDs ) , ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005: 2 ) . This essay sets out to explicate the of import function that ILDs play in SLA, through an in-depth treatment on the part made by L2 motive. Three influential theories offering different positions on L2 motive: the Socio-educational theoretical account, self-government theory and the Process theoretical account will be discussed in item. I will besides look at the theoretical displacements presently taking topographic point in L2 motive research, before reasoning with a treatment on the schemes that instructors can utilize to instil and nurture motive in their pupils.2. Role of ILDs in SLAIndividual differences are alone larning features which are present in all scholars to changing grades. They can assist to separate acquisition demands and place the extent to which scholars will win in geting a 2nd linguistic communication ( Lightbown and Spada, 2006 ) . These differences are societal, cognitive and affectional in nature, and include aptitude, motive, age, personality, larning schem es, larning manners and anxiousness ( for detailed reappraisals, see for illustration, Naiman et al 1995 ; Skehan 1989 ; D & A ; ouml ; rnyei 2005 ) . Their relevancy to linguistic communication accomplishment has made ILDs, a focal point of considerable attending in SLA research ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005 ) . Developments in research, particularly in relation to aptitude and motive, has seen a displacement from a product-orientated attack to a more process-orientated stance ( ibid: 6 ) . Recent surveies have highlighted the importance of the temporal nature and situational context of scholar features ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . Current statements nevertheless, have suggested that instead than being massive variables, ILDs are complex properties dwelling of a combination of sub-components and sub-processes ( ibid ) . All ILDs are implicated in linguistic communication acquisition, nevertheless they do non work in isolation and some even have elements in common ( Gardner, 2008 ) . A expression at some of the influential theories which have emerged from research on L2 motive over the last 50 old ages will assist to explicate the complex function that ILDs can play in the linguistic communication larning procedure.3. L2 MotivationMotivation is a scholars ‘ orientation towards larning ends ( Gardner, 1985 ) , and is regarded by many as the most influential ILD in the linguistic communication larning procedure ( Ellis, 1985 ) . Therefore its relevancy to the schoolroom environment becomes apparent, and to cognize what drives this motive is of great pedagogic involvement. Many of the scholar features involved in the SLA procedure are dependent on, and in some instances wholly overridden by motive ( Gardner, 2006 ) . A scholar with a natural aptitude for larning linguistic communications, for illustration, may happen it hard to achieve long-run linguistic communication ends without the necessary motive ( ibid ) . On the other manus, high degrees of motive may take to successful acquisition, even where small aptitude exists for linguistic communication ( ibid ) . Theories looking to explicate the function of motive in linguistic communication acquisition have evolved through four chief phases. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ( 2005 ) categorises these as: the Social Psychological period ( 1959-1990 ) ; the Cognitive-Situated period ( 1990 ‘s ) ; the Process-orientated phase ( late 1990 ‘s ) ; and eventually a period ( last decennary ) consisting of new attacks that have focused on a scholars sense of self-identity. Table 1 summarises the chief L2 motive theories and constructs.3.1. The Social Psychological attack to L2 motiveInterest in L2 motive was initiated by societal psychologists Wallace Lambert, Robert Gardner and associates every bit early as 1959, looking to understand the linguistic communication and culturalApproach to motiveExamplesSocial-psychologicalSocio-educational theoretical account, ( Gardner, 1985 ) .Cardinal constructs: Integrative motive, Integrativeness, integrative orientation.Theory of Linguistic assurance, ( Clement , 1986 ) .Cardinal constructs: Self-confidence – a self-belief of holding the ability to pull off the acquisition procedure. Cognitive – SituatedSelf-determination theory, ( Brown, 1994 ; Noels et al. , 2000 ) .Cardinal constructs: intrinsic/extrinsic motive, amotivation.Attribution theory, ( Weiner, 1992 ) .Cardinal constructs: imputing past success or failure to current actions.Goal puting theory, ( Oxford and Shearin, 1994 ) .Cardinal constructs: Cognitive perceptual experience of ends as a motivation factor.Goal orientation theory, ( Ames, 1992 ) .Cardinal constructs: Goal command andperformance orientations.Motivation and scholar scheme usage, ( Oxford and Nyikos ; 1989, Macintyre et al. , 1996 ) .Cardinal constructs: Motivation as a cardinal factor in exciting scheme usage.Task Motivation, ( Julkunen, 2001 ; Dornyei, 2003 ) .Cardinal constructs: undertaking executing, assessment, action control. Assorted attackI. Willingness to pass on, ( Macintyre et al. , 1998, 2003 ) .Cardinal constructs: Willingness to pass on as a cardinal factor for accomplishing communicative competence. Process-orientatedProcess theoretical account, ( Dornyei and Otto, 1998 ; Dornyei, 2001b ) .Cardinal constructs: temporal nature of motive, which includes a preactional/actional/postactional phase. Current and futureL2 motivational ego system, ( Dornyei, 2005 ) .Cardinal constructs: ideal L2 ego, ought-to L2 ego.Complex dynamic systems, ( Larsen-Freeman, 2007 ) .Cardinal constructs: incorporating different theoretical positions.Table 1. Some of the different attacks used in L2 motive researchstruggles between English and Gallic speech production communities in Canada. Their research adopted a socio-psychological attack, based on the cardinal thought that a scholar ‘s success in geting a 2nd linguistic communication is dictated by an attitude towards the mark linguistic communication community ( Gardner, 1985 ) . Their research on pupils larning Gallic showed that aptitude and motive are closely associated with accomplishment in linguistic communication acquisition ( ibid ) . They concluded that motive is characterised by an person ‘s willingness to be like members of the mark community ( ibid ) . A theoretical account based on a socio-psychological attack that has been really influential in L2 motive research is Gardner ‘s socio-educational theoretical account ( see for illustration, Gardner and Lambert, 1972 ; Gardner, 1985 ; Gardner and MacIntyre, 1991 ) . The most recent version of this theoretical account is shown in figure 1.LANGUAGE ACHIEVMENTOther Factors( for illustration, Learning schemes, linguistic communication ANXIETY ( Gardner, 2001 ) )Other SupportLANGUAGE APTITUDEINTEGRATIVE MOTIVATIONINTEGRATIVENESSMotivationATTITUDE TOWARDS THE LEARNING SIITUATIONFigure 1. A basic theoretical account of the function of motive in SLA ( adapted from Gardner ( 2001b ) ) .The most luxuriant and researched facet of Gardner ‘s theoretical account is ‘integrative motive ‘ , which he defines as the motive to larn a L2 because of a positive attitude towards, and a desire to incorporate with that community ( Gardner, 2001b ) . The three variables that constitut e integrative motive are ( ibid ) : Integrativeness – this represents a desire to larn a 2nd linguistic communication to place with the mark community, and is reflected in a scholar ‘s behavior through the followers: An integrative orientation, stand foring the ground for acquisition, which in this instance is an involvement in larning an L2 to interact with the mark community. A positive attitude towards the mark linguistic communication group. An involvement in foreign linguistic communications or a general openness to all linguistic communication groups. Attitudes towards the acquisition state of affairs ( ATLS ) – this refers to attitudes towards the linguistic communication instructor, the class in general, the class stuffs and other factors related to the larning context. Motivation – this is a scholar ‘s end driven behaviour. A motivated scholar: makes a conjunct attempt to larn a linguistic communication, for illustration by making excess work and seeking more learning chances, displays a strong desire to larn a linguistic communication and is focused on accomplishing the end, enjoys acquisition and has an overall positive attitude towards the acquisition procedure. An integratively motivated scholar is hence: motivated to larn a 2nd linguistic communication, lament to interact and be associated with the mark community, and has a positive mentality on the learning state of affairs. To prolong consistent degrees of motive, integrativeness and/or a positive ATLS are indispensable features, nevertheless, it is the motive component of the ‘Integrative Motivation ‘ composite that is the active variable and which straight influences ‘Language Achievement ‘ ( Gardner, 2001b: 6 ) . Therefore, a scholar who has a high degree of integrativeness and/or a positive attitude towards larning, but is low in motive is improbable to accomplish high degrees of proficiency. The affect of instrumental factors on L2 motive was non included in Gardner ‘s nucleus theory, but he suggests that they could be one of the ‘other supports ‘ impacting motive ( Gardner, 2001a: 7 ) . Based on this, it is possible to replace integrativeness with instrumentality in the representation of the theoretical account in figure 1, to give what Gardner calls ‘Instrumental Motivation ‘ ( ibid ) . This is a motive to larn a L2 for instrumental additions, such as better employment or instruction. An instrumentally motivated scholar has specific communicative demands, which provide a intent for larning and an drift for successful linguistic communication acquisition ( Gardner and Lambert, 1972 ) . Gardner ‘s theoretical account makes small mention to other properties, for illustration, personal aspirations and past experiences, which could impact an integratively motivated scholar. However, empirical research in different contexts is continuously conveying to illume the possibility of including more factors in the general L2 motivational concept. To look into Gardner ‘s theoretical account for adaptability, Tremblay and Gardner ( 1995 ) integrated other measurings of motive, such as anxiousness and goal-setting schemes. Empirical testing of the drawn-out theoretical account showed that add-on of the excess variables did non impact the construction of the original theoretical account ( ibid ) . Research on motive in different context has led some applied linguists to propose the impression of the linguistic communication community associated with integrative motive is indefensible for international scholars of English ( Ushioda and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . In a multi-lingual society like China, for illustration, few chances exist for interacting with native English communities. In such a context, instrumental motive or external factors ( for illustration, tests and employment ) are more prevailing among scholars than a desire for incorporating with native talkers of English ( Warden and Lin, 2008 ) . For this ground, other research workers have suggested that the integrative concept should at least be re-examined by including the planetary L2 larning context and the multi-dimensionality of a scholar ‘s individuality. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Csizer, ( 2002 ) suggested that instead than placing with an external linguistic communication community, the integrative construct could be more accurately linked to a scholar ‘s internal procedure of designation with a self-concept. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ‘s ( 2005 ) motivational self-system which developed from this thought is discussed in subdivision 3.4.3.2. Self-government Theory and SLAInfluenced by progresss in motivational psychological science, and a demand to understand the classroom-situated nature of motive, L2 research moved on from a socio-psychological attack, to look at affects of classroom-situated factors on motive. Self-government theory ( SDT ) is a extremely influential attack in motivational psychological science, and several surveies have attempted to integrate some of its constituents to explicate L2 motive ( for illustration, Brown, 1994 ; Noels et al. , 2000 ) . Harmonizing to this theory there are three types of scholar motives: intrinsic motive, extrinsic motive, and amotivation ( Deci and Ryan, 2002 ) . These motives form a continuum depending on the grade of scholar self-government, where self-government is as an person ‘s sense of pick and control over the learning procedure ( ibid ) . Intrinsic Motivation ( IM ) refers to an person ‘s motive to set about an activity, strictly for personal feelings of pleasance and enjoyment associated with that activity, and is driven by a desire for competency and self-government ( Noel et al. , 2000 ) . Intrinsically motivated pupils are considered more likely to accomplish liberty, competency and fulfil long-run linguistic communication ends ( Ramage, 1990 ) . Extrinsic motive ( EM ) , on the other manus, relates to actions carried out for: instrumental additions, in hunt for wages or to avoid penalty ( Noels et al. , 2000 ) . This motive can change in degree depending on the extent to which the activity is controlled by the scholar or other variables ( Deci and Ryan, 2002 ) . Vallerand et al. , ( 1993 ) have suggested six subtypes of IM and EM which lie on a continuum of self-government ( see table 2 ) . Christmass ( 2001 ) suggests that L2 learner motive can be assessed utilizing the intrinsic and extrinsic concepts. These motives nevertheless, do non needfully hold to be sole, for illustration, a scholar whose behavior is consistent with ‘identified ordinance ‘ may besides exhibit some of the next motives on the continuum ( ibid ) .Self-governmentType of MotivationDescriptionHigh Nothing Intrinsic Motivation to cognize Performing an activity for the pleasance associated with acquisition or researching new cognition. E.g. , when reading a new book. Intrinsic Motivation to carry through Performing an activity for the pleasance associated with carry throughing or making something. E.g. , a pupil making more prep than is required. Intrinsic Motivation to see stimulation Performing an activity for the stirred esthesiss ( e.g. pleasance and exhilaration ) associated with battle with the activity. E.g. , a pupil who goes to category for the pleasance of take parting in treatments. Extrinsic Motivation – Identified Regulation Extrinsic motive is internalised to the extent that learner behavior is regulated by a sense of value and utility of the activity to the ego. E.g. , a pupil who surveies the dark before an test because they think it is of import to them. Extrinsic Motivation – Introjected Regulation Learner behavior is regulated by internalization of past external agencies. E.g. , analyzing the dark before an test because it is expected of a good pupil. Extrinsic Motivation – External Regulation Learner behavior is regulated wholly by external agencies ( wagess or restraints ) – demoing the least self-determined signifier of extrinsic motive. E.g. , Analyzing the dark before an test because of force per unit area from parents. Amotivation A deficiency of extrinsic and intrinsic motive. A scholar feels their behavior is regulated by factors out of their control, and may finally drop out of the acquisition procedure.Table 2. Language Learning Orientation Scale: Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation ( adapted from Vallerand et al. , ( 1993 ) ) .Intrinsic motive is characterised by a strong sense of self-government, and is closely associated with integrative motive ( Noels, 2001 ) . This suggests that pupils larning a linguistic communication for pleasance may besides be seeking interaction with the L2 community. Intrinsic motive nevertheless, is identified more with attitudes towards larning, than the mark community ( ibid: 54 ) . The societal environment ( for illustration, the instructor, household members and the L2 community ) has considerable influence on a pupil ‘s perceptual experience of self-government. A instructor plays a important function in this respect, and can advance intrinsic motive by promoting learner liberty and supplying positive feedback ( Noels, 2000: 55 ) . Similarly, pupils larning for intrinsic grounds are more sensitive to the instructor ‘s instructional manner ( ibid ) . In contrast, the less self-determined external ordinance constituent of extrinsic motive is linked to instrumental behavior ( Noels, 2001: 53 ) . A restriction of extrinsic behavior is that it can hold short-run features. A survey carried out by Ramage ( 1990 ) showed that pupils who learnt a linguistic communication for academic grounds are more likely to stop future linguistic communication categories. Extrinsic class force per unit areas, for illustration, compulsory reading, can besides negatively impact a scholar ‘s intrinsic involvements ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 1994a ) .3.3. A Process-orientated attack to motiveD & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Otto ‘s ( 1998 ) procedure theoretical account of motive integrates assorted theoretical positions of L2 motive, and draws attending to the temporal nature of motive in schoolroom acquisition. The theoretical account is influenced by Heckhausen and Kuhl ‘s Action control theory, which proposes two consecutive stages of motivatio nal behavior: an person ‘s motive to organize an attending, and a motive to originate and prolong the intended action ( Heckhausen, 1991 ) . D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Otto ‘s theoretical account interruptions down the motivational procedure into three temporal stages. The first relates to the transmutation of initial desires to ends, and so purposes. The following sees these purposes being enacted, taking to the successful/unsuccessful achievement of ends, and the concluding stage is an overall rating of the acquisition procedure ( see figure 2 ) .Preactional Phase( Choice Motivation )Motivational Functions: generate motive to choose a end ; organize an purpose to move ; choose an action program to ordain the purpose. Possible factors act uponing motive: end belongingss ; attitude towards the acquisition procedure ; attitude towards the mark community ; perceptual experience of self-ability ; societal environmental encouragement or disheartenment.Actional Phase( Executive Motivation )Motivational Functions: transport out sub-tasks to keep motive ; ongoing assessment of accomplishment ; action control ( self-regulation to assist persist with larning ) . Possible factors act uponing motive: quality of the learning experience ; grade of liberty ; teacher, learner group and household influence/support ; schoolroom construction ( competitory or co-operative ) ; cognition and ability to utilize self-motivating, goal-setting and learning schemes.Postactional Phase( Motivational Retrospection )Motivational Functions: property grounds to success or failure ; elaborate internal criterions and action-specific schemes ; disregard original purpose and farther planning. Possible factors act uponing motive: personal ascription manner ; assurance ; feedback.Figure 2. Process theoretical account of L2 larning motive ( adapted from Dornyei, ( 2003: 19 ) ) .An of import averment made by the process-orientated theoretical account is that motivational behavior is influenced by different factors. Consequently, different theories of motive can be associated with each stage ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003: 18 ) . Integrativeness, for illustration, may be the motivational influence on end scene in the preactional phase. In the executive stage, situated facets of motive drama a greater function, mechanisms of the undertaking processing system are more relevant here ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003 ) . The retrospective links that scholars make between the original end and existent accomplishment in the post-actional phase are likely to be attributed to past acquisition experiences, a motivational behavior addressed by Weiner ( 1992 ) in the ascription theory. Two facets that the theoretical account overlooks are: the possibility of several actional procedures running at the same time, or an actional procedure with multiple motivational influences ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2003 ) . This is likely in a school scene, where pupils frequently have multiple ends ( for illustration, societal and academic ) and overlapping motivational influences ( for illustration, undertaking, class or course of study related ) ( ibid ) . The theoretical account assumes that the actional procedures have defined boundaries, nevertheless in an educational context it may be hard to place where one actional procedure starts and the following Begins.3.4. Present and future: The motivational self-system and a Dynamic systems attack.Since the socio-psychological period of motive research, the planetary world of English has changed vastly. The rapid globalization of English has challenged the cogency of many SLA theories ( Kachru, 1988 ) , because these theories fail to see the context of the universe Englishes scholar ( Sridhar and Sridhar, 1992 ) . With limited or no contact opportunities with the native mark community, the impression of a ‘self-concept ‘ ( mentioning to an person ‘s images and knowledges of the ego ) suggested by D & A ; ouml ; rnyei and Csizer ( 2002 ) , is perchance a more relevant motivational characteristic in many EFL contexts. D & A ; ouml ; rnyei developed this thought farther, in his L2 motivational self-system, which equated integrativeness with an ‘ideal L2 ego ‘ ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2005 ; 2010 ) . The chief constituents of this system are: ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2010 ) ‘Ideal L2 Self ‘ – a L2-specific image of the properties that one would wish to possess. For illustration, hopes, desires, aspirations. ‘Ought-to L2 Self ‘ – a self-guide which refers to those properties one thinks one ought to possess to run into outlooks and avoid negative results. ‘L2 Learning Experience ‘ – this refers to the executive motivations ( similar to those identified in the Process theoretical account ) associated with the immediate acquisition environment and experience. For illustration, impact of the instructor, other scholars, the class, the experience of success. The hypothesis behind the self-system is that a scholars desire to go a individual proficient in the L2, serves as a powerful actuating force to larn a linguistic communication ( Ushioda and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009: 3-4 ) . A recent survey in the Nipponese context showed that this desire represented by the ideal L2 ego is tantamount to the construct of integrativeness in Gardner ‘s socio-educational theoretical account, but the ideal L2 ego is likely more accurate in explicating motivated behavior ( Ryan, 2009 ) D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ‘s thought of puting the ‘self ‘ at the Centre of the conceptual function of motive offers a new position, nevertheless it overlooks the process-orientated, and contextually dynamic nature of motive. Justifying this complex nature of L2 motive, can merely be possible by incorporating more than one attack ( Macintyre et al. , 2010 ) . A possibility of uniting different positions of motive is suggested by Ushioda ( 2009 ) with her person-in-context, relational position of emergent motive. She suggests that incorporating relevant theoretical models to back up future analysis of the complex nature of interactive procedures and contextual factors in motivational behavior can assist to supply a better apprehension of how L2 motive is shaped ( ibid ) . A similar possibility is offered by the theoretical paradigms of dynamic systems theory ( for a elaborate reappraisal, see Larsen-Freeman and Cameron, 2008 ) . This theory involves a survey of systems, where the system is analysed as a whole instead than as its single parts ( ibid ) . Learner fluctuation is seen as the consequence of a complex system of relevant factors working in unison, instead than as a consequence of differences in single determiners ( for illustration, aptitude or motive ) ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2009 ) . As an illustration of an application of a dynamic systems attack to L2 acquisition, D & A ; ouml ; rnyei suggests the possibility of placing an optimum combination of motivational, cognitive and affectional factors with respect to task behavior, that map as an incorporate unit ( for a elaborate reappraisal see, ibid ) .4. The practical value of theory – motivational schemes for the schoolroomChomsky ( 1988 ) emphasises the critical function played by ins tructors in scholar motive by proposing that 90 nine per cent of learning involves acquiring pupils interested in larning. A linguistic communication instructor ‘s motivational pattern is besides linked straight to increased degrees of scholar motive ( Guilloteaux and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2008 ) . Therefore, the demand to utilize appropriate schemes to pull off schoolroom motive is highly relevant to L2 practicians. Motivational schemes are techniques used by a instructor to pull off learner motive, or used by single scholars to modulate their ain motive degrees ( Guilloteaux and D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2008 ) . Although, several motive schemes have been proposed in L2 literature ( for illustration, Williams and Burden, 1997 ; D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2001a ; Alison and Halliwell, 2002 ) , really few are supported by empirical grounds. Self-motivating schemes for scholars are an even less researched country of L2 motive ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006 ) . An illustration of an luxuriant, theory-based model which looks at motivational schemes from both a instructor and leaner position is proposed by D & A ; ouml ; rnyei ( 2001a ) . This theoretical account consists of four stages ( ibid ) : Making the basic motivational status, by set uping a good student-teacher relationship, a relaxed acquisition atmosphere and a cohesive scholar group. Generating initial motive by: Strengthening linguistic communication related values and attitudes ( intrinsic, integrative or instrumental values ) . Increasing the anticipation of success. Increasing goal-orientedness, for illustration, by doing scholars cognizant of the practical ( non-syllabus related ) grounds or value of making an activity. Making learning stuffs relevant. Making realistic scholar beliefs. Many new scholars have inaccurate beliefs about linguistic communication acquisition, a realization of their falsity can hold a demotivating influence. Keeping and protecting motive, to maintain sight of ends, and keep involvement and concentration. The most relevant schemes in this stage include: Making the acquisition procedure stimulating and interesting. Showing undertakings in a motivation mode, doing them exciting and relevant. Puting specific scholar ends. Continuing the scholar ‘s self-esteem and advancing their assurance. Making scholar liberty. Promoting self-motivating scholar schemes in order to: Continue the original end committedness, for illustration, by promoting scholars to retrieve favorable outlooks or positive wagess. Maintain concentration, for illustration, by promoting scholars to: place and pull off distractions ; and concentrate on the first stairss to take when get downing an activity. Eliminate ennui and add excess involvement in a undertaking, for illustration, by demoing scholars how to add a turn to a undertaking and utilizing their imaginativeness to do it more stimulating. Manage riotous emotions and bring forth a positive emotional province, for illustration, by acquiring pupils to self-encourage and presenting them to relaxation techniques. Remove negative and utilise positive environmental influences, for illustration, by promoting pupils to take distractions and inquiring for equal aid. Promoting positive retrospective self-evaluation, by: Promoting positive scholar ascriptions ( an thought supported by the Attribution theory, Weiner, 1992 ) Supplying motivational feedback, that is enlightening and encouraging. This can assist to increase learner satisfaction and assurance, and encourages constructive self-reflection on failings. Using wagess and classs carefully, as they can deflect the scholar from the existent intent of the undertaking ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006:730 ) . When they are used, they should be offered in a motivational mode. The most motivation of instructors are considered to be those who rely on a few simple and carefully selected techniques ( D & A ; ouml ; rnyei, 2006: 730-731 ) . Therefore, accomplishing optimum degrees of scholar motive are more likely if motivational schemes are matched by a instructor selectively, to scholars ‘ specific demands.5. DecisionThis essay discussed the important function that motive, as an illustration of an ILD variable, plays in the long and backbreaking undertaking of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. I presented three influential theories that have approached L2 motive from different positions, and looked at some of the current tendencies in motivational research. A expression at some possible motivational schemes demonstrated how theoretical constructs can be applied to better the quality of schoolroom acquisition. The motivational features of the L2 scholar highlight the complex but influential function played by ILDs in SLA. Many of the variables involved in L2 motive have a grade of convergence, and interact both with each other and other ILDs ( Gardner, 2008 ) . In order to understand the true nature of these webs of interactions and their affect on L2 accomplishment, the possibilities offered by a dynamic systems attack is likely the best manner frontward.