Impact Of Population Growth On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of Population Growth On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay The world has been experiencing a rapid increase in human population for the past 10, 000 years. According to the most recent U.N. statistics, population has grown from several millions back in the B.C. to over 6.6 billion in the 21st century. Even though the growth rate is gradually slowing, the U.N. population Division still expect the worldwide population to very much hit 9.1 billion by 2050. We have all known for long that the human population is no doubt the chief contributor to environmental woes. The humans are the one demanding fossil fuels to power their tech-savvy lifestyles, clearing forests for agricultural use, and polluting the environment with their industrial activities. More people means more demand for natural resources either mined or drilled from below the Earths surface to be burned for energy. Assuming that each person contributes to a certain amount of the total demand, one could very much imagine the kind of strain that this 2.5 billion of additional population is going to cause to the Earth. With the population expected to rise by that phenomenal amount, environmentalist and the others are getting more concerned with whether the Earth is still able to withstand that loads of demand. We also being concerned aims to examine the causes and impacts of this issue in the report, so that solutions could be proposed to alleviate it. 1.3 Focus In our opinion, we feel that if we can solve the problem of the rising human population growth, we can also solve the environmental problems that is likely to stem from it. The explaination for this reasoning is simple and rather fundamental. The problems merely justify the need to do something about it, whereas the causes is the one that set off the problems. As mentioned earlier on, the crux to the solutions lies very much with the causes itself. Therefore, one could very well expect us to first introduce the problems in the report, before moving on to the more crucial part, its causes and solutions. 1.4 Methodology Information used for this study was mainly obtained from secondary sources such as books, online databases, U.N. publications, and other useful websites. A listing of these useful sources of information can be found at the Appendix 1 as attached in the report. Human population The world population refers to the total number of living humans on Earth at a given time. For the past 10, 000 years, the world has been experiencing a rapid increase in human population. According to the most recent U.N. statistics, population has grown from several millions back in the B.C. to over 6.6 billion in the 21st century. Even though the growth rate is gradually slowing, the U.N. Population Division still expect the worldwide population to very much hit 9.1 billion by 2050. With most of the increase in Asia and Africa, in particular, the poorer nations that have no access to proper family-planning programmes. An alarming issue Rising human population We have all known for long that the human population is no doubt the chief contributor to environmental woes. However, what little know of is that the human population is only one of the several factors that affect the environment. The extent to which population increase can be considered a problem is still reliant on other factors. One widely used formula that could help us understand what factors could actually interplayed to cause that significant impact, would be the IPAT model that John Holdren from Harvard University came up with. This model represents how the total impact on the enviroment results from the interaction among population, affluence and technoloy. An Increased population intensifies impact on the environment as more individuals take up space, use resources, and generate waste. As the population gets older it gets more affluent too, thereby demanding higher living standards to satisfy their wants. To meet the humans instatiable wants, better technology would have to be developed to better mine fossil fuels, clear old-growth forests, or fish. Assuming that everybody has to be fed, clothed, housed and hopefully supported by gainful employment. An increased population would actually means the intensification of the impact that the human population has on the Ecosystem. Hence, the problem is not only that the population is burgeoning. It is also that the usage of the resources, and environmental damages are also increasing at a phenomenol speed. Approach All of us would have known by now that a rising global population has devasting impacts on the Earth. It not only erodes the living standards of the world population, results in poverty in already poor countries, affect a countrys economy, but most importantly has a negative impact on the Ecosystem. We will in this chapter, look in depth how the rising global human population develops into a problem, and the various environmental impacts it has on the Earth. The Problem of Rising Global Human Population Urbanisation is being defined as the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. Moreover, It can also be interpreted as the movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration. The United Nations project suggested that 60% of the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2030. An increased in the population residing there would lead to an increase in consumption of energy, food, water, domestic goods, and land. To accommodate to this increase in demand, more resource extraction, manufacturing, and agricultural production will have to take place. Considering the limited existing resources of an urban city, an expansion of the city would be needed for the above mentioned activities to take place. This expansion of urban areas across the landscape is something also being defined as urban sprawl. In order for urban sprawl to take place, surrounding areas adjoining the edge of the urban cities will have to be made ready. This is usually done through habitat alteration such as, deforestation for urban cities surrounded by forest/mangroves, or land reclaimation for cities corteminous with islands. Environmental Impacts From the above illustration, we can see that a rising population will not only highten the rate of human activites but will also give rise to newer problems such as urban sprawl. All of these problems will then contribute to certain environmental woes which would interplay and lead to further consequences. The following are some environmental issues that are either the direct or indirect impact of a rising global population: Depletion of natural resources Global climate change Loss of biodiversity Depletion of natural resources Depletion of natural resources refers to the over exploitation of the exhaustible group of natural resources. This group of resources comes in the form of renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable natural resources are those that can replenish themselves in a resonable amount of time, however, it can also be depleted should the rate of usage exceed the rate of regeneration. Whereas, non-renewable resources are those that only exist in a fixed quality, and either takes up to millions of year to replace themselves or does not possess the ability to recyle themselves. As the human population rises, human activities such as urban sprawl, resource extraction, manufacturing, and agricultural production are expected to increase too. As all of these activities each demand a certain type of natural resources and energy to support them, an increase in human activities would equate to an increase in demand for these natural resources. Some of the resources that are affected as a result of them are namely, fossil fuels, land, water, and minerals. Fossil Fuels Alongside the increasing demand for petrol and diesel to power transportation, industries and farming, huge quantities of fossil fuel such as crude oil is also needed in the manufacturing of plastic-made products. With oil production likely to increase by nearly 40% from 2006 to 2030; as a result of only the increasing world energy demand of 60%. The real demand for oil is believed to be much more higher. According to British Petroleum the current world oil reserves stand at 1238 billion barrels. And present yearly world oil production stands at 31 billion barrels.  If the current rate of oil discoverage were to remain stagnant or low, oil, the primary source of fossil fuel used to produce energy might very well be depleted before 40 years (The figure as calculated with current consumption rate and the level of reserves). The following is a graph (Figure 1.0) that highlighted the increasing gap between the production rate and discoverage rate of oil supplies. Figure 1.0 (adaptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..) Land and Water Land degradation refers to deterioration or loss of fertility or productive capacity of the soil. Urban sprawl can dramatically transform the properties of soil, causing it to lose its water permeability and ability to perform essential duties. These duties include the loss of ability to sustain soil biodiversity, crop cultivation, and the reduced effectiveness as a carbon sink. The following graph (Figure 1.1) showed the amount and types of land loss in various European cities that were the result of urban sprawl. Figure 1.1 (adaptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) On top of all that, rainwater which falls on areas with deterioted land will also be heavily polluted by tire abrasion, dust and high concentrations of heavy metals, which when washed into rivers will degrade the hydrological system. To add insult to injury, the level of water table will also decline as deterioted land can no longer allow water to penetrate throught it. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,   If current trends continue, 90 percent of freshwater supplies will disappear by 2030. Setting all that aside, one still has to take into consideration the soaring increase in use of water for crop cultivation and human consumption. With the supply of water on the shorter end and demand for it on the rise, the UN Millenium Project, 2008a estimated that 3 billion people might face water scarcity by 2025. A remarkable increase from the current figure of 700 millions people. If nothing done about this, the Earth will very soon run out of arable land to support crop cultivation and no longer have enough safe drinking water to support the rising global human population. Minerals Minerals are the backbone of the human civilisation, they are needed in almost all sectors of industries. If we were to look into the manufacturing sector and bulding sector, some minerals used by them would be gold, silver, iron, cemet, and copper. Since there is a direct relationship between the human population and the industries, a booming population will also lead to an increase in the consumption of minerals. A good example to substantiate the direct impact a growing population would have on minerals would be the example on Spain. For years, the efforts to support the growing population in Spain, have resulted in major expansion of construction activities, mainly along the coast and around major cities. As a result, the consumption of concrete has also increased by a wide margin of 120 % since 1996, reaching a level of 51.5 million tons in 2005. Taking into account the non-renewable characteristic of minerals and the direct relationship it has with the human population. A surge in the human population might cause the limited stock of minerals to undergo depletion in the near future. Loss of biodiveristy Biodiversity may be defined as the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or the entire Earth. Biodiversity is earths primary life support system and is a pre-condition for human survival. As population grow, develop and modify their environment, their activities inevitably affect biodiversity. To understand the impacts of human population growth on biodiversity, a study into it had been carried out in Canada. The findings reveal that human activities such as agricultural activities, urbanisation, and manufacturing are the primary causes of the decline of biodiversity in Canada. Agricultural activities Agricultural is the production of goods and food through farming. It is reported that Agriculture has had a significant effect on biodiversity because of its prevalence over the landscape. Loss of native habitat in Canada due to farming has been significant. As a result of agricultural activities, Canada lost more than 85% of shortgrass prairie, 80% of mixed-grass prairie, 85% of aspen parkland and almost its entire native tallgrass prairie. Loss of habitat, coupled with farming practises of using only a few strains genetically-engineered crop, has resulted in the endangerment of a disproportionately large number of plants and animal species in Canada. To prepare a piece of land for agricultural activities, the natural vegetation has to be first removed from it. Without the natural vegetations protection, the topsoil, a surface layer of soil that is rich in nutrients and beneficial microorganisms, can be easily eroded away by surface water, or winds. In Quebec, it is estimated that 3.4 million tonnes of soil per year are eroded by water. Soil erosion renders an area barren and unsuitable for plants that were initially growing there. To add on to that, soil that has been washed away and deposited in waterways, also destroys the fragile life forms in it. If water can carry away soil, it can also cause the runoff of pesticides and fertilizers that are applied in abundance to commercial crops, and of course the wastes of cattle and livestock. In Quebec, between 1990 and 1991, an impressive amount of 190 000 tonnes of nitrogen and 120 000 tonnes of phosphorus were applied to agricultural lands in the form fertilizers, or were present as livestock wastes. As these excess nutrients enter the lakes and rivers, Eutrophication of aquatic environment can occur; altering and degrading the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. With 64 out of 105 developing countries studied by the UN Food and Agriculture Ogranisation seeing their population growing at a speed faster than the food supplies, the increase in agricultural activities worldwide is imminent. Therefore, one should expect the loss of biodiversity as a result of pollutants coming from agricultural activities to swell around the globe. Urbanisation It is estimated that between 1871 and 1991, the Canadian population living in urban centers have increased from19% to  77%. To accommodate to this increase, the initial urban centres that stand on 0.7% of Canadas total area, have been expanding over the last few decades. In the twenty years spanning 1971 to 1991, the total area of the Montreal Urban Community increased from 2674 km2 in 1971 to 3509 km2, the Quebec City area increased from 907 km2 to 3150 km2, and the Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivieres became classified as urban centers. With the majority of large cities located within the St. Lawrence lowlands, a ecozone that is very biologically rich. An expanding city is bound to displace the many species that depend on that ecozone as habitat. Manufacturing In Cananda, manufacturing is the main economy in Quebec, it not only employs the most number of people, but also contribute the highest proportion of Quebecs GDP. Due to the unique nature of this sector of industry, many harmful pollutants are constantly being emited from its operations. Water-borne pollutants include metals, organic chemicals, and suspended sediments that are usually found in industrial discharges. These toxic discharges when flow into the water, can inversely affect the biota in an ecosystem by killing them, weakening them, or deterioting their ability to reproduce. As mentioned earlier on, the majority of large cities are concentrated within the St. Lawrence watershed. Therefore, any harmful discharges from the industries can quickly reach and harm the living organisms in it. Air-borne pollutants include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and acid precipiation that can usually be found in the smoke fumes from factories and motor vehicles. It had been found out that air emissions from the Inco steel smelter in Sudbury, Ontario were directly responsible for a significant portion of the acid rain in eastern North America. Consequently, the surrounding lakes, which is home to fish, mollusk and other amphibian populations, were acidified. Since these amphibian species will not be able to survive in acidic condition, a lake hit by acid rain will result in the death of them. Furthermore, air-borne pollutants such as carbon dioxide and methane also give rise to a whole new environmental problem, which is being known as Global Climate Change. We will in the following paragraphs look into what this is all about. Global Climate Changes Global climate change refers to the change in global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural variability or to human activity. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), ever since the start of the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have rose from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years. Furthermore, findings also concluded that there is a higher than 90 percent probability that human-produced greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in Earths temperatures over the past 50 years. While we all know that human activities were the cause of global climate changes, the main causes of the current global warming trend is actually the result of human expansion of greenhouse effect a process in which the heat leaving the Earth is being trapped by the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include, water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitirious oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. On Earth, the composition of natural greenhouse has been constantly altered by human activities. Over the years, the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. On a smaller scale, the clearing of forests for agriculture, industry, and other human activities, have also resulted in an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases. From the relationship between the human population and humans industrial activities, it is undisputed that any increase in the human population will lead to an increase of greenhouse emissions, which will eventually accelerates the rate of global climate change. The following table summarises the regional impacts of global climate change by the IPPC: Region Impacts North America Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains; 5-20 percent increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture in some regions; increased frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves in cities that currently experience them. Latin America Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia; risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many tropical areas; significant changes in water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation. Europe Increased risk of inland flash floods; more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion from storms and sea level rise; glacial retreat in mountainous areas; reduced snow cover and winter tourism; extensive species losses; reductions of crop productivity in southern Europe. Africa By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress; yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50 percent in some regions by 2020; agricultural production, including access to food, may be severely compromised. Asia Freshwater availability projected to decrease in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia by the 2050s; coastal areas will be at risk due to increased flooding; death rate from disease associated with floods and droughts expected to rise in some regions. Figure 1.2 (Adapted from: http://climate.nasa.gov/effects/) On top of all that, the global climate change also indirectly resulted in the loss of biodiversity. As the global temperature rises, crop that used to grow best at certain temperature, will not be able to adapt, and will die off eventually. On the other hand, the higher temperature will also melt the glaciers and the artic sea ice, a habitat to animals such as, polar bears and penguins. Conclusion According to U.N. population division, the worldwide population has a high likelihood of hitting 9.1 billion by 2050. From this figure, it is easy to see that even if the current world population of 6.6 billion does not increase it consumtion per capita, we will still have to use up more resources to support this higher number of population. Hence, there is an urgent need to do something about the rising global huamn population, as the devasting envrionmental effects we discussed earlier on have a direct relationship with it.

A Very Brief History on the Existence of God Essay -- Philosophy, Des

The subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that the existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essay then examines two additional philosophers, David Hume in section (4) and Immanuel Kant in (5), who contend that God’s existence cannot be rationally proven. (1) Being a devout Catholic, Descartes undeniably believed in God. He makes this clear in the letter of dedication preceding Meditations on First Philosophy. He writes that we must â€Å"believe in God’s existence because it is taught in the Holy Scriptures, and, conversely, that we must believe in the Holy Scriptures because they have come from God† (Descartes, 1). Nonetheless, in the actual Meditations Descartes casts doubt on everything, including religion in his search for absolute certainty. In the Third Meditation, however, Descartes provides his first rationalistic proof for the existence of God. In doing so, he first doubts the very existence of God, conceding that he does â€Å"not yet sufficiently know if there is even a God† (25). He then deliberates on this issue, pondering â€Å"whether there is a God† (25). However, even though he questions God’s very existence, Descartes maintains his innate idea of God. After some deliberation, h e concludes that because he has an innate idea of God, (which is not fabricated by the mind or drawn from the senses), it must be God who endowe... ... to exist, then a necessary being does exist. 6. It is possible for a being to have all perfections. 7. Therefore, a necessary being (God) does exist. (3) (3) On the contrary, David Hume did not believe an argument could establish the existence of God. In fact, Hume attacks both Descartes’ and Leibniz’s methodology for establishing the existence of God in the following: â€Å"there is an evident absurdity in pretending to demonstrate a matter of fact, or to prove it by any arguments a priori. Nothing is demonstrable, unless the contrary implies a contradiction. Nothing, that is distinctly conceivable, implies a contradiction. Whatever we conceive as existent, we can also conceive as non-existent. There is no being, therefore, whose non-existence implies a contradiction. Consequently there is no being, whose existence is demonstrable† (Bailey, 79).

Implementation of Lean Logistics in Harley Davidson

Lean Logistics, simply put, can be described as a way to recognize and eliminate wasteful activities from the supply chain in order to increase product flow and speed. In order to achieve Leaner Logistics; organizations need to implement leaner thinking. Lean production involves eliminating waste and using less labors, materials, time and space. That's why it is save production. This in turn reduces costs. Harley-Davidson Motor Company, the only major U. S. -based motorcycle manufacturer, is known for setting the world standard when it comes to the design and manufacture of heavyweight motorcycles. The company chose UPS Supply Chain Solutions to help set world standards with its logistics processes. Before going lean, the company operated in a cluster of factories that could have been mistaken for an industrial park from the mid-20th century. The lack of automation and other new techniques kept it far behind in terms of operating productivity. But since adding lean to its operations, manufacturing that once comprised 41 buildings has been condensed into one well lit plant that employs more robots than laborers. The company has shaved the number of hourly workers to about 1,000 from more than twice that only three years ago, with more than 100 of these employees on contracts that allow them to come and go as is needed by Harley. Using historic data from the suppliers, the analysts calculated optimal shipping frequencies for each of the suppliers, enabling the company to reduce the rate of regular inbound shipments to three times a week, while also giving the manufacturing plant faster access to larger stocks of parts. UPS Supply Chain Solutions is gradually optimizing the entire Harley-Davidson inbound transportation network, by calculating optimal ship frequencies for all the suppliers and identifying cross-docking opportunities at the other manufacturing facilities. As a result, Harley-Davidson Motor Company is gaining efficiencies throughout its manufacturing operations, while reducing its transportation costs. The comprehensive solution also added value to Harley-Davidson’s shipments of parts and accessories to dealerships. In the previous system, Harley-Davidson shipped parts and accessories to its distribution center in Wisconsin where parts were stocked, picked and packed to fill orders. The orders were delivered by less-than-truckload to dealerships around the country. Leveraging its delivery network, UPS will begin shipping orders of less than 1,000 pounds directly to the Harley-Davidson dealerships. Orders of more than 1,000 pounds will be delivered to a UPS Supply Chain Solutions cross-docking facility in Wisconsin where they will be loaded onto pallets the same day and shipped by less-than-truckload. As a result, Harley-Davidson expects to further reduce its transportation costs and speed up average delivery times of parts and accessories to its dealerships. JIT inventory is the driving force of Harley's quality-improvement program. JIT works on a demand-pull basis and seeks to eliminate all waste and activities which do not add value to the product. Suppliers of Harley had to implement JIT into their production process in order to compliment Harley's system. Previously, Harley utilized a complex, computerized inventory system, Material Requirements Planning, which was based on maintaining high levels of stock, to offset any manufacturing problems, so the assembly line would not be halted. This system was inefficient because it did not address the manufacturing process problems. This is a typical problem with many traditional firms, where planning becomes the focus. Since the focus for traditional firms is planning rather than control, the result is to try and improve planning for next time. Firms then end up not executing these plans but rather planning and re-planning. With the lean approach the focus is on control. Procedures are kept simple, visual and made as routine as possible. With JIT, as each problem is exposed, you are forced to identify its cause, fix it, and move on to the next problem that is revealed. Although JIT system had top management support, without full employee participation in the planning and implementation, Harley's JIT would not have been effective. Harley Davidson’s success with the implementation of JIT had a lot to do with the fact that when JIT was put into practice, process problems could no longer be hidden by costly inventory that helped to meet ship dates. The inefficiencies in the processes were quickly identified and solved.

Essay about Japanese, Russian, Chinese, and Mexican...

Organized crime is an international issue and it exists in several different countries, such as; Italy, China, Japan, Russia and the United States of America. Although all these groups of organized crime have many things in common they tend to have different ways of doing something, or they may not do them at all. Many also commit similar types of crimes, and others commit crimes other groups would not. It is thought that the Russian Mafia has existed in Russia for several centuries. When Russia was still the Soviet Union, corruption began to develop because of the Communist era. Citizens were so desperate to pay bills, buy groceries, and more; that they began to steal from one another, as well as get into forms of organized crime.†¦show more content†¦The Triads are a family run organized crime gang in China. Triads are sometimes referred to as the Chinese Mafia. In 1821 the first systematic account of the Triads was written down by a principle of an Anglo-Chinese college . Triads engage in highly ritualized dress and behavior- from secret hand signs, passwords, to blood oaths in elaborate initiation ceremonies. This group has made their money through drug trafficking, loan sharking, prostitution, smuggling, gunrunning, extortion, and protection rackets. In the most recent years they have been moving more into credit card fraud, call-girl rings, CD pirating, minibus concessions, and computer software (Hays, 2010). The Triads have a signature instrument of torture, punishment and execution, the kitchen meat cleaver. Triad victims bodies are often found horribly mutilated, severed limbs can be used as a warning. In 1984 the leaders of the Triads met with Communist officials before singing the handover agreement. The communists in return for the Triads assistance in the smooth transition agreed to turn a blind eye to their illegal activities. 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Thesis About “the Effects of Curfew Hours Among Teenagers”

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY GEN.SAN MIGUEL ST. SANGANDAAN CALOOCAN CITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT â€Å"THE EFFECTS OF CURFEW HOURS AMONG TEENAGERS† A Research Paper presented to Professor E. Grafilo In partial fulfillment of the requirements in ENG122 RESEARCHER Hagos, Gioress Ocenar, Mary Joy Basihan, Jovy Tan, John Patrick Ramos, Jayson TABLE OF CONTENTS METHODOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.3 INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.5 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.9 TABULATIONS OF SURVEY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.13 ANALYSIS (GRAPHS) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.18 CONCLUSION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.25 RECOMMENDATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.28 BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦show more content†¦The popularity of curfews was not limited to large cities: in 1995, 73% of cities of more than 100,000 had curfews and by 1997, 80% of communities with populations greater than 30,000 had curfews (Juvenile Curfews and the Major Confusion over Minor Rights, 2005). A teen curfew is justified in many cities or municipalities as a simple method to not only reduce opportunities for teens to commit crimes but also to protect them from becoming crime victims themselves. The popularity of a nighttime curfew continues today with cities and towns all across the United States with juvenile curfew ordinances. What are Curfew Laws? Weve all had experience with curfews: as the teenager rushing out of the house, or as the parent calling out Be home by midnight! But in legal terms, curfews are more than just house rules that can result in a firm Youre grounded! if violated. Curfews are also laws that effectively prohibit or limit the right to be out in public at certain times, or in some cases, require businesses to close their doors during certain hours. There are three main types of curfew laws: juvenile curfew laws, emergency curfew laws, and business curfew laws. These are explained in more detail below. Juvenile Curfew Laws Juvenile curfew laws are typically enacted at the state and local level, and prohibit people of a certain age (usually under 18) from being in public or in a business establishment during certainShow MoreRelatedCrime and Curfew Laws3514 Words   |  15 Pages Perception of Selected Teenagers and their Parents Regarding the Juvenile curfew in Naga City, Camarines Sur (A Research Proposal) In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research Methodology Table of Contents I. Rationale and Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......... 1 I.1 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 I.2 Null Hypothesis/Assumption†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2 I.3 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Theoretical†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 I.4 SignificanceRead MoreMississippi River and Essay9274 Words   |  38 Pagesservice to a country and he gets wages for it and pays apart of wages as tax to the government is called work. Purpose and audience 1. What is the essay’s thesis? Why do you suppose it is never explicitly stated? Thesis-a woman who works all her life day and night is not regarded as work or not entitled for a death benefit. Thesis is not explicitly stated as it is not mentioned in the introduction part or in the conclusion part. 2. This essay appeared in ms magazine and other publicationsRead MoreMississippi River and Essay9263 Words   |  38 Pagesgives service to a country and he gets wages for it and pays apart of wages as tax to the government is called work. Purpose and audience 1. What is the essay’s thesis? Why do you suppose it is never explicitly stated? Thesis-a woman who works all her life day and night is not regarded as work or not entitled for a death benefit. Thesis is not explicitly stated as it is not mentioned in the introduction part or in the conclusion part. 2. This essay appeared in ms magazine and other publicationsRead MoreEffectiveness of Peace and Order Programs in a Barangay11307 Words   |  46 PagesRespectfully Yours, Lapada, Arthur Ibanez, Ronaldo Ruiz, Reymart Espinosa, Jeffrey Robert Ebrada, Armando Jr. RESEARCHER APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree in bachelor of Science in Criminology, this undergraduate thesis entitled: â€Å"The Effectiveness of Peace and order programs of Barangay 121, District 1, of Manila to the Safety and Protection of its residents† has been prepared and submitted by the following B.S. in Criminology students : Mr. Lapada, Arthur S.

Essay about Genetic Engineering A Major Advancement for...

As the Biochemist Isaac Asimov once said, The advancement of Genetic Engineering makes it quite conceivable that we will design our own evolutionary progress.† Scientists have always thought about new ways to progress through technology in our era, and in 1946, scientists discover that Genetic material from different viruses can be combined to form a new type of virus. This was a major discovery that trickles down to the modern era of Genetics. Current scientists have pioneered new ways to decode human DNA, beating the $3 billion government-run Genome project to its goal. Many people say that this method of life will go against the natural force of nature, but Genetic Engineering should be allowed because of the advances of technology it†¦show more content†¦Even if there is negative effects, Genetic Engineering brings advancements in research and technology. According to Wikipedia, because of genetic advancements, experiments such as expression studies can be carried out. This matters because it allows a scientist to see where and when proteins start to grow, and its production and growth is observed. And not only that, expression studies can also be used to identify bugs, or other infections in the human body. â€Å"†¦genetically engineered bacteria being investigated involve making the bacteria perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as cleaning up oil spills, carbon, and other toxic waste† (Wikipedia). This could practically solve toxic waste problems, because bacteria will multiply very fast, and if all of them will be programmed to clean up toxic waste, then there won’t be any left. And in addition, organisms can be genetically engineered to discover the function of certain genes (Wikipedia). Therefore, this will help discover the functions of certain genes, and then we would discover the different function. Technology is what pushes us ahead of all the other countries in the world, and if we stop it, we will lose our dominant status and lose the economic forward. Not only could genetic engineering help to advance in the technological field of science, it could also potentially provide cheap and nutritious food. There are many generations of genetically engineered crops.Show MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pages The engineering of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is entirely new, yet genetics, as a field of science, has fascinated mankind for over 2,000 years. Man has always tried to bend nature around his will through selective breeding and other forms of practical genetics. Today, scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in living organisms. Unfortunately, some people are trying to stop further studies in genetics, but the research being conducted today will serve to better mankindRead MoreGattaca Movie Review1306 Words   |  5 Pagescloning and genetic engineering have already started and the field will continue to grow beyond the general knowledge of it. Looking at anything from fruits and vegetables to mankind, people are starting to play god and starting to change what natural evolution has brought us and turning it more towards natural selection. The questions facing genetic engineering have always been focused on ethics; is it right? Is it wrong? From the movie Gattaca we can see the ideas of genetic engineering at play throughRead MoreThe Animals Of The Pigs1653 Words   |  7 Pagesglowing green snouts are genetically engineered animals known as transgenic animals. Canadian council on animal care (CCAC) defines transgenic animal as â€Å"an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of its genome†1. Method of Genetic Engineering to produce pigs with glowing green snouts: These transgenic pigs were produced using a technique called DNA microinjection2. For the very first time, 10 piglets with glowing green snouts were produced using this technique in year 2013 in ChinaRead MoreEssay on â€Å"Heaven Scenario.†1863 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Outline Thesis: Each day as the advancements of technology doubles, the world will soon not worry about diseases and health; everyday gene technology will better our minds, bodies, and most future generations, thus making the â€Å"Heaven Scenario.† I. Introduction A. Quote from Alan Kay in Radical Evolution Pg. 88 B. Importance of Genetic Engineering C. Thesis Statement II. History of Gene Therapy A. Definition of Gene Therapy B. Why they study Genomics 1. Quote from Rob DeSelle 2Read MoreEssay about Human Genome1485 Words   |  6 Pages GENOME PROJECT Adam and Eve were doomed for trying to be like god, this is the same damnation mankind is headed to. 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New advancements in molecular biology, like the CRISPR/Cas-9 System, now allow for the creation and directed insertion of any sequenceRead MoreThe s Natural Law Theory1219 Words   |  5 Pageslectures and readings that we learned about this last seven weeks, I see that Christians are adapting to society s views by my fellow classmate’s discussions and posts. The specific challenges that I will discuss are: Birth control, cloning, genetic engineering, and homosexuality. Hopefully by the end of this paper I would have given you enough explanation to why I agree or disagree with these scientific enhancements that are occurring in the world today. In order to get my point across I will discussRead MoreEssay on Genetic Engineering: The Impact of Human Manipulation1710 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent scientific advancements, science fiction is now becoming more of a reality rather than a fantasy. Nevertheless, only about twenty-five years ago, genetic engineering fell into this same, idealistic category. Although genetic engineering was once a totally impractical thought, today, it is a prominent issue around the world. The most controversial subject of genetic engineering deals with the impact that the manipulation of humans will have on the earth. The genetic engineering of humans willRead MoreEssay on Societys Fear of Genetic Engineering2198 Words   |  9 PagesSocietys Fear of Genetic Engineering Works Cited Not Included Anti-technologists and political extremists misinform, and over exaggerate statements that genetic engineering is not part of the natural order of things. The moral question of genetic engineering can be answered by studying human evolution and the idea of survival of the fittest. The question of safety can be answered by looking at the current precautions of the industry. The concept that society needs to understand is thatRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Its Effects On The World1110 Words   |  5 Pages For thousands of years, mankind has been manipulating animals and plants to find out what combinations would produce the most effective outcomes. For the last 10,000 years, humans have been involved in the domestication of crops by way of selective breeding. The domestication of crops led to the cross-breeding of plants by scientists in the 1700s. All of this led to the development of more controllable practices of genetic engineering, which allowed researchers in the 1980s to create plants with

Pain Assessment Patients Experiencing Pain- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePain Assessmentfor Indications of Patients Experiencing Pain. Answer: Indications of Patients Experiencing Pain, Causes and Impact of Pain Pain is a kind of body defense mechanism which shows that the individual is experiencing problems. Pain can be described as the personal sensation of hurt which is due to a noxious stimulus that signals cell and tissue damage and the responses involved in the protection of an organism (Finnerup, Attal, Haroutounian, McNicol, Baron, Dworkin, Gilron, Haanp, Hansson, Jensen Kamerman, 2015 p162). Pain can be as a result of injury or illness. Various indications show that an individual is experiencing pain. These signs are commonly referred to as responses to pain. There are physiological indications that are either sympathetic or parasympathetic, behavioral and affective responses. The physiologic sympathetic response is usually moderate and superficial which include high blood pressure, increased pulse rate, hyperventilation, pupil dilation, pallor, increased glucose, muscle tension, and rigidity. The physiologic parasympathetic response to severe and very pain are reduced pulse rate, decreased blood pressure, rapid and irregular breathing, fainting and unconsciousness as well as nausea and vomiting (Crofford, 2015 p126, p167). The behavioral indications that an individual is experiencing pain include restlessness, protecting the sensitive regions and refusing to move, grimacing crying and moaning and moving away from the painful stimuli (Flor Turk, 2015 p17). The affective indications that the individual is experiencing pain include depression, withdrawal, depression, fear, and anxiety (Gerrits, van Oppen, van Marwijk, Penninx van der Horst, 2014 p55). Hence it is important to value verbal and non-verbal cues patients can utilize to show the nurse that they are in pain. A patient who can talk will volunteer information about the pain to the nurse. This is not usually the case as sometimes the patient withholds information on pain for fear of being seen weak, fear of increased medication which could lead increase in the hospital bill and pain in the private parts. A patient who cannot communicate uses non-verbal prompts to convey the message to the nurse that they are experiencing pain (Payen Glinas, 201 4 p554). The can also look for various signs that indicate that the patient is experiencing pain, for example, different behaviors. Evidence of Therapeutic Interacting and pain Treatment Pain is regarded as a personal encounter therefore, the most important way of assessment of pain is listening carefully to the narration of the patient. The nurse uses the information given by the patient to initiate the procedure of pain assessment. To enable efficient flow of information, the nurse should avoid the medical jargon but use the language that the patient can fully understand. The nurse also builds a personal connection and relationship to ensure trust so that the patient can disclose all information about the pain that the patient might consider as personal or embarrassing. The evaluation of pain is an essential in pain assessment. The aim of the nurse is to obtain a detailed baseline pain evaluation. The nurse assesses the patients misconceptions and beliefs concerning pain management. The nurse provides education to the patient regarding the regime used in the administration of the pain. The nurse assures the patient that each and every step to be included in the pai n assessment procedure is directed at treating their pain actually. Pain can be treated with analgesics and moving away from the stimuli. Medications used in pain management include acetaminophen, corticosteroids, opioids, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) which include naproxen and ibuprofen (Barr, Fraser, Puntillo, Ely, Glinas, Dasta, Davidson, Devlin, Kress, Joffe Coursin, 2013 p273). Problem-Solving Abilities According to the nursing standards, each and every nurse is supposed to have various abilities to solve the numerous problems that face the nursing profession every day. To be able to gather the intended information from the patients who are not always cooperative, the nurse should think critically and come up with the solution (Yoo Park, 2015 p168). The medical professionals are regarded to as god because of thy cure you.' Therefore, the patient expects that the nurse will be ready to handle any problems that may arise. Various problems can occur during the pain assessment process. The first issue is the communication barrier. The nurse is expected to know the language of the communities where they are based as well as their culture. The nurse can abandon the professional language and the medical jargon and humbly explain to the patient the information in a layman's terms. The nurse also needs to create a healthy relationship hence ensuring that there is mutual trust hence the pati ent gives the information freely. Gather Equipment In pain assessment procedure, there is various tools and equipment that are used. The tools employed in the pain evaluation system include FLACC (face, leg, activity, cry and consolability), Wrong Baker faces pain scale, Visual Analogue scale, and other various tools (Kochman, Howell, Sheridan, Ryan, Lee, Zettersten Yoder, 2017 p15). These devices should be prepared and set up to decrease the time of pain evaluation process since the patient is in pain and needs urgently needs medical attention. Gathering equipment helps in time management. The most significant assessment tool is the nurses indulgent of the pain. It is paramount that the nurse knows what tools are to be used in the evaluation of pain. The pain assessment process is supposed to be as short as possible since the patient is suffering. Apart from the pain assessment tools and equipment, there are also other general tools used in various medical fields are also used in pain assessment. These devices include sphygmomanome ter, stethoscope, thermometer, and watch (Barker, Rushton Smith, 2015 p35). These and the pain assessment tools should be gathered and prepared to reduce time wastage so that the patient can be released from pain as soon as Assessment of Pain Under the given Guidelines The feeling of pain is a subjective entity hence the self-report is usually considered to be the gold standard accurate and reliable measure of pain (Forbes, Helen Elizabeth Watt, 2015p1). The most common method of measuring and assessing pain is the PQRST assessment process. This is the pain evaluation tool to precisely describe, evaluate, assess and also document the patients pain. The PQRST pain assessment method helps in the selection of the appropriate medication for pain and also helps in the evaluation of the response to treatment (Lovell, Forster Phillips, 2014 p2). Through the PQRST method, the nurse can direct the patient to the questions that need to be answered to complete the pain assessment procedure efficiently. PQRST represents Provocation/Palliation, Quality/Quantity, Region/Radiation, Severity Scale, and Timing. The pain evaluation process should always start with the history of the pain (Strong, van Griensven Vincenzino, 2014 p91). The patient should be able to carefully answer questions pertaining when the pain started, how long the pain has been there, what the patient was doing when the pain started and the position the patient was at the onset of the pain. The patient should be able to identify the anatomical location of the pain and if the pain is radiating. Radiation refers to the feeling that the pain is traveling from one part to another. The physiological explanation of this is that such regions have the same innervation. The quality and character of the pain refer to what the pain feels like and can be described as either burning, sharp, dull, shooting, throbbing twisting, crushing or even stretching. Based on the intensity, pain can be described as mild, moderate or severe according to various scales used in pain assessment. The aggravating factors refer to what worsens the pain which includes walking, movement, and standing, lying down or even bending (Davies, Cramp Gauntlett-Gilbert, Wynick McCabe, 2015 p320). The relieving factors are those that alleviates or relieves the pain. The pain relieving factors can either be resting, medications, changing position, massage, being active and heat or cold. The pain assessment tools a re usually based on the patients perception of pain and the severity. The pain assessment tools include the verbal rating scales, Visual Analogue scales and graphic rating scales, numerical rating scale, picture or pain scales, descriptor differential scale of pain intensity and behavioral measurements. The physical effects associated with pain include fatigue, disability, changes in mood, weakened immune system withdrawal, stress, anxiety, depression, irritability, and fear (Kress, Joffe Coursin, 2013 p270). Cleans, Replaces and Dispose of Equipment According to the Nursing Standards, a nurse should follow the guidelines given for cleanness, replacement, and disposal of used medical equipment. Cleanness is paramount in the medical setting as it ensures patient are prevented from various infections that may be present at the hospital. During the pain assessment procedure, the nurse should take note of the personal hygiene especially hand hygiene. The nurse should ensure that the hands are thoroughly cleaned and wearing gloves so as not to spread infection from one patient to the other. The materials that are to be reused are supposed to be cleaned well with the use of antiseptics to eliminate all the microorganisms that may be present hence reducing the chances of nosocomial infections to the patient. Apart from enhancing the safety of the patient, it promotes hygiene in the clinical unit. The nurse should be able to replace the medical equipment he or she uses so that the colleague can access them when in need. This ensures adhe rence to the nursing standards as it serves as a courtesy to the colleagues. The nurse should make sure proper disposal of the used tools and equipment as well as the waste products. Proper disposal of used tools and other wastes reduces environmental pollution as well as lessen the risk of spread of infection. (Chartier, 2014 p195)All nurses should learn these values so that they can offer safe and efficient medical intervention, especially during the pain assessment procedure. Documentation In health care setting, documentation is a vital tool. Various clinical situations require that the healthcare provider records and documents information that helps to better the outcome of the patient. During the process of pain assessment, recording and documentation are an important practice in the process of pain assessment is mostly a narration of the patients experiences to the healthcare provider. Documentation ensures that the pain process of evaluation is undertaken carefully for the safety of the patient as well as providing improved patient outcomes. During pain assessment process, documentation enables the health care provider to carefully follow the proper steps used in evaluating pain so that the patient can receive the best quality pain evaluation and management medical intervention. Documentation is used as a communication tool among various individuals in the healthcare profession (Guerges, Slama Zayadin, Kieninger, 2017 p1). Documentation provides a future reference as the medical process is a continuous activity since the health care practitioner will always want to know your medical history to make right decisions and diagnosis of the current health problem (Guerges et al. 2017 p1). Records are also used to determine the effectiveness of the medical intervention. During the pain assessment period, documentation is important since it shows the patients knowledge and understanding of the pain scale. Documentation usually describes the ability of the patient to evaluate pain levels by the use of 0-10 pain scale. As a nurse, it is paramount to document the patients contentment with the pain levels with the available modalities of treatment. The nurse should document the patient education that is provided and also the feedback to the learning. Pain assessment is part of history taking hence documentation is paramount. Documentation that the student can verbalize describe, and also demonstrate various aspect s of pain is necessary. Nurses and other medical professionals need to fully understand the art of documentation and apply it in their practice. Demonstrates Ability to link Theory to Practice A nurse should have vast and extensive knowledge of many medical and nursing concepts. The theory that is learned in nursing schools, during career practice, through various conferences and even online should be consolidated and employed when offering medical services (Koutoukidis, Stainton Hughson, 2016 p7). The nurse should have excellent knowledge of the theory of pain assessment. The nurse should be able to understand this information thoroughly, process it and store for use during the practice. The nurse should have the ability to integrate the theory and practice. The nurse should have knowledge on the steps of the procedure of the pain assessment, the tools used in the pain assessment activity, knowledge on how to use the various instruments, the effects of pain on the patient and other information needed for ensuring effective pain evaluation procedure. The nurse should be able to use this information to make sure that the pain assessment process is systematic and that all t he steps required are followed. References Barker, M., Rushton, M. and Smith, J., 2015. How to assess deteriorating patients. Nursing Standard, 30(11), pp.34-36. Barr, J., Fraser, G.L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E.W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J.F., Davidson, J.E., Devlin, J.W., Kress, J.P., Joffe, A.M. and Coursin, D.B., 2013. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Critical care medicine, 41(1), pp.263-306. Chartier, Y. ed., 2014. Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. World Health Organization. Crofford, L.J., 2015. Chronic pain: where the body meets the brain. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 126, p.167. Davies, B., Cramp, F., Gauntlett-Gilbert, J., Wynick, D. and McCabe, C.S., 2015. The role of physical activity and psychological coping strategies in the management of painful diabetic neuropathyA systematic review of the literature. Physiotherapy, 101(4), pp.319-326. Finnerup, N.B., Attal, N., Haroutounian, S., McNicol, E., Baron, R., Dworkin, R.H., Gilron, I., Haanp, M., Hansson, P., Jensen, T.S. and Kamerman, P.R., 2015. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology, 14(2), pp.162-173. Flor, H. and Turk, D.C., 2015. Chronic pain: an integrated biobehavioral approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Forbes, Helen, and Elizabeth Watt. Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015. Gerrits, M.M., van Oppen, P., van Marwijk, H.W., Penninx, B.W. and van der Horst, H.E., 2014. Pain and the onset of depressive and anxiety disorders. PAIN, 155(1), pp.53-59. Guerges, M., Slama, E., Zayadin, Y. and Kieninger, A., 2017. Use of a mock deposition program to improve resident understanding of the importance of documentation. The American Journal of Surgery. Kochman, A., Howell, J., Sheridan, M., Kou, M., Ryan, E.E.S., Lee, S., Zettersten, W. and Yoder, L., 2017. Reliability of the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability Scale in Assessing Acute Pain in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatric Emergency Care, 33(1), pp.14-17. Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K. and Hughson, J., 2016. Tabbner's Nursing Care: theory and practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lovell, M., Forster, B. and Phillips, J., 2014. Assessing pain in people with cancer. Pain Management Today. Payen, J.F. and Glinas, C., 2014. Measuring pain in non-verbal critically ill patients: which pain instrument. Critical Care, 18(5), p.554. Strong, J., van Griensven, H. and Vincenzino, B., 2014. Pain assessment and measurement. Yoo, M.S. and Park, H.R., 2015. Effects of case?based learning on communication skills, problem?solving ability, and learning motivation in nursing students. Nursing health sciences, 17(2), pp.166-172.